Heterotrophic nitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis: NO2-, NO3-, N2O, and NO production in exponentially growing cultures

Papen, H.; Berg, R. von; Hinkel, I; Thoene, Barbara; Rennenberg, Heinz

doi:10.1128/aem.55.8.2068-2072.1989

Cited by 169 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Traditionally, autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification have been considered to be the major N 2 O forming processes. However, it has long been acknowledged that these are not the sole production pathways of N 2 O. Nitrifier denitrification (denitrification by autotrophic nitrifiers) (Hooper, 1968;Ritchie & Nicholas, 1972), heterotrophic nitrification (Verstraete & Alexander, 1973;Papen et al, 1989;Laughlin et al, 2008) and co-denitrification (Shoun & Tanimoto, 1991;Tanimoto et al, 1992;Laughlin & Stevens, 2002) by both fungi and bacteria, as well as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) (Caskey & Tiedje, 1979;Smith & Zimmerman, 1981;Bleakley & Tiedje, 1982) may all produce N 2 O as a (by-)product. For most of these processes the relative significance for N 2 O production was long thought to be minor in soils compared with nitrification (NN) and denitrification (from fertilizer, FD, or coupled with nitrification, NCD) ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrifier denitrification can be a source of N₂O from soil: a revised approach to the dual‐isotope labelling method

Kool

Wrage

Zechmeister‐Boltenstern

et al. 2010

European J Soil Science

145

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Nitrifier denitrification (i.e. nitrite reduction by ammonia oxidizers) is one of the biochemical pathways of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) production. It is increasingly suggested that this pathway may contribute substantially to N 2 O production in soil, the major source of this greenhouse gas. However, although monoculture studies recognize its potential, methodological drawbacks prohibit conclusive proof that nitrifier denitrification occurs in actual soils. Here we suggest and apply a new isotopic approach to identify its presence in soil. In incubation experiments with 12 soils, N 2 O production was studied using oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) isotope tracing, accounting for O exchange. Microbial biomass C and N and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) patterns were analysed to explain potential differences in N 2 O production pathways. We found that in at least five of the soils nitrifier denitrification must have contributed to N 2 O production. Moreover, it may even have been responsible for all NH 4 + -derived N 2 O in most soils. In contrast, N 2 O as a by-product of ammonia oxidation contributed very little to total production. Microbial biomass C and N and PLFA-distinguished microbial community composition were not indicative of differences in N 2 O production pathways. Overall, we show that combined O and N isotope tracing may still provide a powerful tool to understand N 2 O production pathways, provided that O exchange is accounted for. We conclude that nitrifier denitrification can indeed occur in soils, and may in fact be responsible for the greater proportion of total nitrifier-induced N 2 O production.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrifier denitrification can be a source of N₂O from soil: a revised approach to the dual‐isotope labelling method

Kool

Wrage

Zechmeister‐Boltenstern

et al. 2010

European J Soil Science

145

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“…Papen, unpublished data), which also can denitrify (Anderson et al 1993). Furthermore, A. faecalis has been shown to produce N 2 O as well as NO in aerobic as well as anaerobic batch and chemostat cultures (Kuenen and Robertson 1987;Papen et al 1989;Robertson et al 1995;Otte et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pH, temperature and substrate on N2O, NO and CO2 production by Alcaligenes faecalis p.

et al. 2006

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Aims: To study the effect of pH, temperature and substrate on the magnitude of N2O and NO production by heterotrophic nitrifiers. Methods and Results: The change in N2O and NO production by the heterotrophic nitrifiers Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. parafaecalis and Paracoccus pantotrophus because of variations in pH, temperature and substrate was studied in chemostat cultures under steady‐state conditions. N2O, NO and CO2 production increased with temperature between 4 and 32°C. For N2O an optimum temperature of 28°C was observed. No optimum temperature was found for NO. Highest N2O and CO2 productions were observed at a pH of 7·0. However, besides having an optimum at pH 7·0, especially NO production but also N2O production increased significantly at pH ≤ 4·0. This increase in NO production under acidic conditions was partly because of chemo‐denitrification, which contributed up to 62% of total NO production at pH 3·0 (0·8% for N2O). Furthermore, we could demonstrate that substrate quality significantly affects N2O, NO and CO2 production. N2O and especially NO production by A. faecalis p. was significantly lower on an ammonium citrate medium when compared with rates obtained for a peptone‐meat extract medium. Conclusions: The results indicate that heterotrophic nitrifiers are suitable model organisms to study the influence of environmental factors on microbial N trace gas production. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results allow an improved description, e.g. of the pH dependency of N trace gas production by microbes and/or chemo‐denitrification in process‐oriented models describing the exchange of N trace gases between soils and the atmosphere.

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“…One of the difficulties encountered when modeling trace gas flux is that the gas production may result from several different processes. Autotrophic nitrification is the primary source of NO in most well drained soils (Anderson et al 1988, Bollmann and Conrad 1998, Godde and Conrad 1998, Smart et al 1999, Wolf and Russow 2000; however, at low pH, heterotrophic nitrification (Papen et al 1989) or autodecomposition of nitrite may be significant NO sources Davidson 1989, Conrad 1996). In soils with poor aeration, denitrification may also produce small amounts of NO (Conrad 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Nitric Oxide Emissions from Forest and Rangeland Soils of Western North America

Stark

Hart

Haubensak

2002

Ecology

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Nitric oxide (NO) is a relatively short-lived trace gas that reacts with oxygen in the troposphere to produce the air pollutant ozone. It also reacts with water vapor to form nitric and nitrous acids, which acidify precipitation and increase N deposition. Models currently used to predict soil NO fluxes are based on the assumption that NO flux is proportional to the gross rate of nitrification or N mineralization; however, this assumption has not been tested because of the difficulty in measuring gross N-cycling rates in situ. We measured soil NO fluxes, gross and net N-cycling rates, and a variety of other soil characteristics in the forest floor and intact soil cores at nine undisturbed forest and rangeland ecosystems of New Mexico, Utah, and Oregon, USA, to determine which soil variables were most closely related to soil NO flux. Soil NO fluxes ranged from a low of 0.02 ng N·m Ϫ2 ·s Ϫ1 , prior to wetting in a western hemlock-sitka spruce forest on the Oregon coast, to a high of 6.74 ng N·m Ϫ2 ·s Ϫ1 , one hour after soil wetting in a juniper woodland of central Oregon. In contrast to our expectations, neither gross nitrification nor gross mineralization was correlated with soil NO flux. Fluxes were positively correlated with net rates of mineralization and nitrification, soil NO 3 Ϫ concentrations, bulk density, and pH, and negatively correlated with gross rates of NO 3 Ϫ consumption in the forest floor, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil C:N, and soil water content. Principal-component analysis showed that NO flux after water addition (2 cm of water) had a strong negative correlation with microbial demand for N (as indicated by net mineralization, net nitrification, SOC, and C:N). Our results suggest that, even in well-drained soils, NO efflux is limited more by NO consumption than by NO production. As a result, models utilizing the more easily measured net rates, rather than gross rates, may be better predictors of soil NO fluxes across a range of ecosystems.

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Heterotrophic nitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis: NO2-, NO3-, N2O, and NO production in exponentially growing cultures

Cited by 169 publications

References 24 publications

Nitrifier denitrification can be a source of N₂O from soil: a revised approach to the dual‐isotope labelling method

Nitrifier denitrification can be a source of N₂O from soil: a revised approach to the dual‐isotope labelling method

Effect of pH, temperature and substrate on N2O, NO and CO2 production by Alcaligenes faecalis p.

Regulation of Nitric Oxide Emissions from Forest and Rangeland Soils of Western North America

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Heterotrophic nitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis: NO2-, NO3-, N2O, and NO production in exponentially growing cultures

Cited by 169 publications

References 24 publications

Nitrifier denitrification can be a source of N2O from soil: a revised approach to the dual‐isotope labelling method

Nitrifier denitrification can be a source of N2O from soil: a revised approach to the dual‐isotope labelling method

Effect of pH, temperature and substrate on N2O, NO and CO2 production by Alcaligenes faecalis p.

Regulation of Nitric Oxide Emissions from Forest and Rangeland Soils of Western North America

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Nitrifier denitrification can be a source of N₂O from soil: a revised approach to the dual‐isotope labelling method

Nitrifier denitrification can be a source of N₂O from soil: a revised approach to the dual‐isotope labelling method