Heterotrophic Utilisation of Mucilage Released During Fragmentation of Kelp (Ecklonia maxima and Laminana pallida). I. Development of Microbial Communities Associated with the Degradation of Kelp Mucilage

Linley, E.A.S.; Newell, RC; Bosma, SA

doi:10.3354/meps004031

Cited by 55 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…If the bacterial carbon comprises 50 % of the dry biomass (Luria, 1960), it can be seen that the maximum standing stock of bacterial carbon attained in the incubation media is 1.86 + 0.76 % of that in the phytoplankton. The ratio of flagellate biomass to bacterial biomass was 7 to 15 % with a mean of 12.50 + 3.58 % which is similar to the value of 10 % which we have obtained in incubation experiments based on kelp detritus Linley and Newell, 1981 ;Stuart et al, 1981). The relation between biomass and flagellates and that of bacteria in the culture media is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Microbial Numbers and Biomasssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…l e ) became common in the incubation media, but not in the sterilised control vessels. At this stage the microbial community became more complex with the appearance of choanoflagellates, ciliates and amoeboid forms, all of which were generally associated with the aggregates (see also Linley and Newell, 1981;Stuart et al, 1981). Aggregate formation thus appears to be a process initiated by bacterial growth and adhesion to the particulate fraction of cell debris.…”

Section: Micro-organisms Associated With the Degradation Of Phytoplanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From these values can be calculated that the yield constant (y) is approximately 10' bacteria per micromol of carbon, although it should be emphasised that these estimates can be easily applied to only a very small labile component of the dissolved organic matter released, and that the incorporation rates of even these simple organic substrates are subject to considerable variability (Billen et al, 1980). An alternative approach is to measure the increase in microheterotrophs in the presence of algal debris by means of acridine orange direct counts (AODC) and to express the biomass of bacteria or bacterial carbon directly as a function of carbon utilised from the debris Linley and Newell, 1981;Newel1 and Lucas, 1981;Stuart et al, 1981). This has the advantage that the 'carbon conversion efficiency' of the complex dissolved and particulate components released during the decomposition of marine algae can be measured more-or-less directly, and also allows estimation of the rate of degradation of dissolved and particulate components of the debris.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rate of Degradation and Efficiency of Conversion of Phytoplankton Debris by Marine Micro-Organisms

Newell¹,

Lucas²,

Linley³

1981

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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130

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Detritus from the dinoflagellates Scrippsiella (= Peridinurn) trochoidea and Isochrysis galbana and from the diatoms Skeletonema costaturn, Thalassiosira angstii and Chaetoceros tricornuturn incubated at 10 "C in seawater is colonised by a succession of micro-organisms. Primary microbial decomposers in the incubation experiments were bacterial rods and cocci which reached a peak standing stock carbon of 1.86 f 0.76 % of the carbon supplied to the incubation media by the third day of incubation. The bacteria were subsequently replaced by flagellates which attained a mean peak biomass of 12.5 f 3.58 % of the bacterial biomass by Day 6 before declining. Synchronous measurement of the utilisation of dissolved and particulate components from the incubation media shows that there is a well-defined initial sequence of aggregation of particulate matter to form bacterioparticulate complexes, much as have been recorded for natural waters. During this phase, carbon is mainly utilised from the dissolved component of phytoplankton cell debris, whilst the more refractory components including particulate debris is used more slowly. The dissolved organic component comprises a mean of 34 24 % of the total carbon in the debris and has a 50 % utilisation time of only 1.56 d (37.44 h), whereas the particulate component comprises 65 76 % of the total carbon and has a 50 % utilisation time of as much as 11.56 d (277.4 h). Bacterial carbon conversion efficiency (bacterial carbon/detrital carbon used X 100) during the initial phases of colonisation is 9.8 Sb -a value similar to that recorded for bacterial conversion of dissolved components of macrophyte debris. The results suggest that the carbon conversion budget for the decomposition of phytoplankton cell debris is 100 g carbon yielding 4 -644 g of bacterial carbon. This value for incorporation of carbon into bacteria from phytoplankton cell debris is much lower than might be anticipated from the absorption efficiency of selected labile components released in small quantities by living phytoplankton. The carbon conversion budget for whole phytoplankton debris thus suggests that as much as 30.8 % of the carbon is mineralised and returned to the environment within 3 d by the bacteria which initially colonise the material, whereas the more refractory 64.4 %, comprising carbon in the particulate components of the cell debris, is mineralised within approximately 11 d by bacteria characteristically associated with the decomposition phase of a phytoplankton bloom.

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Section: Microbial Numbers and Biomasssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Micro-organisms Associated With the Degradation Of Phytoplanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rate of Degradation and Efficiency of Conversion of Phytoplankton Debris by Marine Micro-Organisms

Newell¹,

Lucas²,

Linley³

1981

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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130

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“…This observation has also been made for kelp species of the genera Laminaria and Ecklonia (Linley et al, 1981;Koop et al, 1982;Corre and Prieur, 1990) and is thought to be related to the accumulation of nutrients in the depressions between cells on the algal surface. The intercellular spaces of an unclassified Ulva sp.…”

Section: ) and Coralsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Variability and abundance of the epiphytic bacterial community associated with a green marine Ulvacean alga

et al. 2009

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Marine Ulvacean algae are colonized by dense microbial communities predicted to have an important role in the development, defense and metabolic activities of the plant. Here we assess the diversity and seasonal dynamics of the bacterial community of the model alga Ulva australis to identify key groups within this epiphytic community. A total of 48 algal samples of U. australis that were collected as 12 individuals at 3 monthly intervals, were processed by applying denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and three samples from each season were subjected to catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH). CARD-FISH revealed that the epiphytic microbial community was comprised mainly of bacterial cells (90%) and was dominated by the groups Alphaproteobacteria (70%) and Bacteroidetes (13%). A large portion (47%) of sequences from the Alphaproteobacteria fall within the Roseobacter clade throughout the different seasons, and an average relative proportion of 19% was observed using CARD-FISH. DGGE based spatial (between tidal pools) and temporal (between season) comparisons of bacterial community composition demonstrated that variation occurs. Between individuals from both the same and different tidal pools, the variation was highest during winter (30%) and between seasons a 40% variation was observed. The community also includes a sub-population of bacteria that is consistently present. Sequences from excised DGGE bands indicate that members of the Alphaproteobacteria and the Bacteroidetes are part of this stable sub-population, and are likely to have an important role in the function of this marine epiphytic microbial community.

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“…Therefore, a major structural component of many macroalgae is formed from the same group of polysaccharides as TEP. Moreover, polysaccharide mucilages are known to be released by intact macroalgae (Kroes 1970) and during the fragmentation and decay of kelp (Linley et al 1981). Valiela et al (1985) found that macroalgae lost 30 to 85% of their initial weight as dissolved organic matter (DOM) during the first 2 wk of decomposition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) from macroalgal detritus

Thornton¹

2004

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Detritus derived from macroalgae often accumulates in the littoral and sublittoral of temperate shores. Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that macroalgal detritus is a source of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP). Macroalgal detritus was incubated in artificial seawater media under various experimental conditions. TEP concentrations were found to be proportional to the concentration of macroalgal detritus; however, dissolved carbohydrate concentrations were not related to detritus concentration. As TEP concentration did not increase over time, it was probably washed off the detritus when it was initially placed in the media. However, higher concentrations of TEP (262 µg Gum Xanthan equivalent [g detritus] -1 ) were produced if inorganic nutrients were added to the media compared to controls (75 µg Gum Xanthan equivalent [g detritus] -1 ). Dissolved carbohydrate and TEP concentrations increased with incubation temperature. TEP did not form abiotically from carbohydrate precursors derived from macroalgal detritus, indicating that microbial activity was important in their formation. TEP from macroalgal detritus will result in a flux of small, sticky particles into the water column which may subsequently affect the aggregation of both biotic and abiotic particles. This will affect both biogeochemical nutrient cycling in coastal waters and food web dynamics.

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Heterotrophic Utilisation of Mucilage Released During Fragmentation of Kelp (Ecklonia maxima and Laminana pallida). I. Development of Microbial Communities Associated with the Degradation of Kelp Mucilage

Cited by 55 publications

References 9 publications

Rate of Degradation and Efficiency of Conversion of Phytoplankton Debris by Marine Micro-Organisms

Rate of Degradation and Efficiency of Conversion of Phytoplankton Debris by Marine Micro-Organisms

Variability and abundance of the epiphytic bacterial community associated with a green marine Ulvacean alga

Formation of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) from macroalgal detritus

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