Heuristic battery-protective strategy for energy management of an interactive renewables–buildings–vehicles energy sharing network with high energy flexibility

An energy paradigm transition framework from negative towards positive district energy sharing networks—Battery cycling aging, advanced battery management strategies, flexible vehicles-to-buildings interactions, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis

“…6(b), unlike the off-peak grid charging occurs during the entire off-peak period in Control Strategy 2, the offpeak grid charging occurs only in the 'slow degradation zone' in Control Strategy 3. As defined in our previous study [39], the 'slow degradation zone' is the region when the relative capacity is higher than 0.96, in which the cycling aging rate is much slower than that in the 'acceleration zone'.…”

“…Four scenarios with different renewable systems have been designed, including the negative buildings-vehicles system (Scenario 1: the BIPVs on the south façade and Scenario 2: BIPVs on four facades), the net-zero buildings-vehicles system (Scenario 3), and the positive buildings-vehicles system (Scenario 4). The previously developed battery cycling aging model [39] was integrated in all scenarios to characterise the real-time battery cycling aging. Subsequently, advanced energy control strategies were used for energy management.…”

“…Results showed that electricity imported from grid was reduced between 45% and 77%. It is noteworthy that, smart battery charging can extend the battery lifetime with the improved battery state of health [39]. Furthermore, vehicles, with mobility and battery storage, are full of potential for home-plug EV charging with renewable energy [40].…”

“…In the future, the decrease in the electricity grid tariff in the positive energy system may make Control Strategy 2 and 3 more economically competitive than Control Strategy 1, when the low battery replacement cost in Control Strategy 2 and 3 can become the dominant factor of the NPV and become more significant than the inefficient import cost. Furthermore, with the decrease in the off-peak grid electricity tariff or the increase in price difference between peak and off-peak grid electricity, the import cost of Control Strategy 2 and 3 might become much lower than that of Control Strategy 1 because of the off-peak grid electricity shifting mechanism [35,39]. According to the research results, because of the enhancement in off-peak grid electricity shifting and the battery protection effects in Control Strategy 3, the decrease in the off-peak grid electricity tariff from 0.9 to 0.1 HK $/kWh will reduce the import cost from 3.97 × 10 7 to 2.78 × 10 7 HK$.…”

Transformation towards a carbon-neutral residential community with hydrogen economy and advanced energy management strategies

“…For point (1), for example, although the V2G interaction in Case 3 reduces the grid-imported electricity to 5205.1 kWh/household from that at 6758.4 kWh/household in the reference case, Case 3 has much less grid-exported electricity for compensating the cost of the grid imported electricity (548.6 kWh/household in Case 3 vs. 9647.2 kWh/ household in the reference case). From another perspective, the V2G interaction in Case 3 will increase the energy loss due to the low efficiency of the H2-to-electricity conversion process, and the increased energy loss during the energy interaction process can also be noticed in electrical battery systems [52,53]. The annual net used grid-imported electricity is still higher in Case 3 than in the reference case, which finally increases the net electricity consumption in Case 3.…”