Hexachlorobenzeneinduced Forphyria Effect of Chelation on the Disease, Porphyrin and Metal Metabolism

Peters, H.F.M.; Johnson, S. A. N.; Cam, Sebahat; Müftü, Y; Oral, S; Ergene, Tuba

doi:10.1097/00000441-196603000-00010

Cited by 44 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Follow-up studies found that neurologic symptoms persisted in adults who had been exposed as children. During the grain poisoning epidemic, there was an extremely high (95%) rate of mortality in infants < 2 years of age who had been breast-fed by mothers who had ingested the contaminated bread; these children exhibited convulsions, tremors, and progressive weakness before death (Peters et al 1966). A recent study described a significant association between cord blood HCB and one of the blocks of the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System Continuous Performance Test, which evaluates sustained attention, at 8 years of age (Stewart et al 2005), but further adjustment for covariates has found the association nonsignificant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Hexachlorobenzene during Pregnancy and Children’s Social Behavior at 4 Years of Age

Ribas-Fitó

Torrent²,

Carrizo³

et al. 2007

Environ Health Perspect

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BackgroundHexachlorobenzene (HCB) is an organochlorine chemical that has been used in agriculture and industrial processes. Behavioral impairment after HCB exposure has been described in animal models, but little information is available in humans.Objectives Our goal was to study the association of prenatal exposure to HCB with the social behavior of preschool children.MethodsTwo birth cohorts in Ribera d’Ebre and Menorca (Spain) were set up between 1997 and 1999 (n = 475). The California Preschool Social Competence Scale and the Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were scored by each 4-year-old child’s teacher. Organochlorine compounds were measured in cord serum. Children’s diet and parental sociodemographic information were obtained through questionnaire.ResultsChildren with concentrations of HCB > 1.5 ng/mL at birth had a statistically significant increased risk of having poor Social Competence [relative risk (RR) = 4.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.76–9.58] and ADHD (RR = 2.71; 95% CI, 1.05–6.96) scores. No association was found between HCB and the cognitive and psychomotor performance of these children.ConclusionsPrenatal exposure to current concentrations of HCB in Spain is associated with a decrease in the behavioral competence at preschool ages. These results should be considered when evaluating the potential neurotoxicologic effects of HCB.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Hexachlorobenzene during Pregnancy and Children’s Social Behavior at 4 Years of Age

Ribas-Fitó

Torrent²,

Carrizo³

et al. 2007

Environ Health Perspect

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“…However, it is suspected that the neurological symptoms are related to neurotoxicity rather than to a form of acute intermittent porphyria (Laseter et al, t976;Courtney, 1979). Peters et al (1966) reported the presence of HCB in maternal milk in four mothers oipembe yara children. No quantitative data of early blood HCB levels in affected porphyric individuals or mothers oipembeyara children are available, but HCB is stored in body fat (Brady & Siyali, 1972).…”

Section: Copromentioning

confidence: 99%

Porphyria turcica due to hexachlorobenzene: a 20 to 30 year follow-up study on 204 patients

Cripps

Peters²,

Göçmen³

et al. 1984

Br J Dermatol

119

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During 1955-1961 in south-east Turkey, over 3000 patients developed porphyria due to ingestion of hexachlorobenzene, a fungicide added to wheat seedlings. Subsequently they developed pigmentation, hirsutism, weakness, porphyrinuria and bullae. The condition was called kara yara or 'black sore'. Many of the breast-fed children under the age of 1 year died from a disease known as pembe yara or 'pink sore'. In this follow-up study of 204 patients, 20-30 years later, there were 132 males and 72 females, average age 32.1 years (at time of examination), with an average age of onset of 10.2 years, and duration of 2.4 years. Neurological, dermatological, and orthopaedic abnormalities still persisted. Neurological symptoms included weakness (66%), paraesthesiae (54%), neuritis (63%), myotonia (49%), and occasional 'cogwheeling' (29%). Some individuals affected before puberty had small stature (44%), small hands (64%) and painless arthritis (67%). Severe residual scarring was common (85%), and pinched facies (42%), hirsutism (47%) and hyperpigmentation (71%) were also observed. Enlarged thyroids were observed in 37% (59% in females), which was above average of 5% in this area of Turkey. Porphyrin excretion, particularly uroporphyrin in the urine and stools, was still significantly increased in seventeen patients. Hexachlorobenzene levels as high as 2.8 p.p.m. were detected in human milk, and the average level (0.29 p.p.m. +/- s.d. 0.06) was 140 times the level allowed in cow's milk.

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“…For example, a significant biomagnification has been reported in field studies in natural aquatic ecosystems (6) and in predatory birds (7). HCB is present in human adipose tissue, breast milk, and blood (8)(9)(10). The major source of HCB exposure of the general population today is as a contaminant in the diet (11,12 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

The role of the immune system in hexachlorobenzene-induced toxicity.

Michielsen

Loveren

Vos

1999

Environ Health Perspect

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Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent environmental pollutant. The toxicity of HCB has been extensively studied after an accidental human poisoning in Turkey and more recently it has been shown that HCB has immunotoxic properties in laboratory animals and probably also in man. Oral exposure of rats to HCB showed stimulatory effects on spleen and lymph node weights and histology, increased serum IgM levels, and an enhancement of several parameters of immune function. Moreover, more recent studies indicate that HCB-induced effects in the rat may be related to autoimmunity. In Wistar rats exposed to HCB, IgM antibodies against several autoantigens were elevated; in the Lewis rat, HCB differently modulated two experimental models of autoimmune disease. Oral exposure of rats to HCB induces skin and lung pathology in the rat. Recently several studies have been conducted to investigate whether these skin and lung lesions can be related to HCB-induced immunomodulation, and these studies will be discussed in this review. HCB-induced skin and lung lesions probably have a different etiology; pronounced strain differences and correlation of skin lesions with immune parameters suggest a specific involvement of the immune system in HCB-induced skin lesions. The induction of lung lesions by HCB was thymus independent. Thymus-dependent T cells were not likely to be required for the induction of skin lesions, although T cells enhanced the rate of induction and the progression of the skin lesions. No deposition of autoantibodies was observed in nonlesional or lesional skin of HCB-treated rats. Therefore, we concluded that it is unlikely that the mechanism by which most allergic or autoimmunogenic chemicals work, i.e., by binding to macromolecules of the body and subsequent T-and B-cell activation, is involved in the HCB-induced immunopathology in the rat. Such a thymus-independent immunopathology is remarkable, as HCB strongly modulates T-cell-mediated immune parameters. This points at a very complex mechanism and possible involvement of multiple factors in the immunopathology of HCB.

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Hexachlorobenzeneinduced Forphyria Effect of Chelation on the Disease, Porphyrin and Metal Metabolism

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Exposure to Hexachlorobenzene during Pregnancy and Children’s Social Behavior at 4 Years of Age

Exposure to Hexachlorobenzene during Pregnancy and Children’s Social Behavior at 4 Years of Age

Porphyria turcica due to hexachlorobenzene: a 20 to 30 year follow-up study on 204 patients

The role of the immune system in hexachlorobenzene-induced toxicity.

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