“…The adsorption approach is widely favored owing to its cost-effectiveness, ease of implementation, outstanding effectiveness, and ability to facilitate sludge-free cleaning operations. 26 The unique properties of metal–organic frameworks, 27 metal oxide, carbon-based nanomaterials (such as graphene, single/multiwall carbon nanotubes, and carbon fibers), porous adsorbents such as clay, fly ash, 6 zeolite, sepiolite, activated carbons, bionanomaterials, 28 natural and synthetic polymers, and agro wastes products (biochar) made them potential candidates for the removal of dyes. 29 Biochar has garnered attention in the field of environmental research due to its large surface to volume ratio, relatively low density, affordability, tolerance to high temperatures, and oxygen-containing functional groups (–COOH, –OH, –OCH 3 , and phenol).…”