Hexapoda: Comparative Aspects of Early Development

Chipman, Ariel D.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1868-9_2

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…In short germband embryogenesis, the head lobes and the most anterior trunk segments are configured first and new segments are subsequently added from the posterior terminus. Less modified neopteran groups, mainly polyneopterans and paraneopterans, follow the short germband embryogenesis, whereas the more modified endopterygotes follow the long germband embryogenesis, in general ( Chipman, 2015 , Liu and Kaufman, 2005 ). Another process that evolved along neopteran history is blastokinesis, the movement of the embryo into the yolk mass that usually results in a partial revolution of the embryonic body ( Panfilio, 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptomics in Two Extreme Neopterans Reveals General Trends in the Evolution of Modern Insects

2018

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SummaryThe success of neopteran insects, with 1 million species described, is associated with developmental innovations such as holometaboly and the evolution from short to long germband embryogenesis. To unveil the mechanisms underlining these innovations, we compared gene expression during the ontogeny of two extreme neopterans, the cockroach Blattella germanica (polyneopteran, hemimetabolan, and short germband species) and the fly Drosophila melanogaster (endopterygote, holometabolan, and long germband species). Results revealed that genes associated with metamorphosis are predominantly expressed in late nymphal stages in B. germanica and in the early-mid embryo in D. melanogaster. In B. germanica the maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) concentrates early in embryogenesis, when juvenile hormone factors are significantly expressed. In D. melanogaster, the MZT extends throughout embryogenesis, during which time juvenile hormone factors appear to be unimportant. These differences possibly reflect broad trends in the evolution of development within neopterans, related to the germband type and the metamorphosis mode.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptomics in Two Extreme Neopterans Reveals General Trends in the Evolution of Modern Insects

2018

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“…Long germ-band insects, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , form most of their segments simultaneously at the blastoderm stage, i.e., before gastrulation. In contrast, short germ-band species start gastrulation with just a few segments, and then progressively add new ones from an undifferentiated growth zone situated at the posterior end of the embryo [ 1 ]. Short germ-band development is typical of basal insects such as locusts and cockroaches, whereas more derived species such as those of the genus Drosophila predominantly undergo long germ-band development [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of miRNA expression during the development of insects of different metamorphosis modes and germ-band types

2017

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BackgroundDo miRNAs contribute to specify the germ-band type and the body structure in the insect embryo? Our goal was to address that issue by studying the changes in miRNA expression along the ontogeny of the German cockroach Blattella germanica, which is a short germ-band and hemimetabolan species.ResultsWe sequenced small RNA libraries representing 11 developmental stages of B. germanica ontogeny (with especial emphasis on embryogenesis) and the changes in miRNA expression were examined. Data were compared with equivalent data for two long germ-band holometabolan species Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis, and the short germ-band holometabolan species Tribolium castaneum. The identification of B. germanica embryo small RNA sequences unveiled miRNAs not detected in previous studies, such as those of the MIR-309 family and 54 novel miRNAs. Four main waves of miRNA expression were recognized (with most miRNA changes occurring during the embryonic stages): the first from day 0 to day 1 of embryogenesis, the second during mid-embryogenesis (days 0–6), the third (with an acute expression peak) on day 2 of embryonic development, and the fourth during post-embryonic development. The second wave defined the boundaries of maternal-to-zygotic transition, with maternal mRNAs being cleared, presumably by Mir-309 and associated scavenger miRNAs.ConclusionmiRNAs follow well-defined patterns of expression over hemimetabolan ontogeny, patterns that are more diverse during embryonic development than during the nymphal stages. The results suggest that miRNAs play important roles in the developmental transitions between the embryonic stages of development (starting with maternal loading), during which they might influence the germ-band type and metamorphosis mode.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4177-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Despite myriad variations in lifestyle, ecology and feeding, all insects have a segmented body divided into three distinct body regions (tagmata): a head composed of three pre-oral and three gnathal segments, a thorax composed of three leg-bearing segments, two of which usually also bear wings, and an abdomen with 9–11 segments. This conservation of general body plan masks a diversity of mechanisms employed to establish it during embryogenesis [ 2 ]. These diverse mechanisms use a fairly well-conserved suite of developmentally relevant genes acting in different cellular contexts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All members of the early branching hemimetabolous insects (those insects with direct development through a series of larval instars) develop through short or intermediate germ development, with sequential segmentation in the posterior segments, as do virtually all non-insect arthropods. Thus, it seems very likely that the ancestral mode for arthropods is short or intermediate germ development [ 2 , 16 ]. Within the more recently evolved holometabolous insects (those with indirect development that includes a pupal stage and dramatic metamorphosis), long germ development is found in all four major orders, but not in all species within these orders [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This leaves open two formal possibilities; either long germ development has evolved several times within holometabolous insects or long germ development appeared at (or close to) the origin of the holometabolous insects and has been secondarily lost several times. Discriminating between these two possibilities is crucial for understanding the evolution of segmentation in insects, and for understanding how the conserved set of developmental genes has been redeployed at key transitions in insect evolution [ 2 ].

Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blastoderm segmentation inOncopeltus fasciatusand the evolution of insect segmentation mechanisms

Reut

Chipman

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Segments are formed simultaneously in the blastoderm of the fly Drosophila melanogaster through a hierarchical cascade of interacting transcription factors. Conversely, in many insects and in all non-insect arthropods most segments are formed sequentially from the posterior. We have looked at segmentation in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus. Posterior segments are formed sequentially, through what is probably the ancestral arthropod mechanism. Formation of anterior segments bears many similarities to the Drosophila segmentation mode. These segments appear nearly simultaneously in the blastoderm, via a segmentation cascade that involves orthologues of Drosophila gap genes working through a functionally similar mechanism. We suggest that simultaneous blastoderm segmentation evolved at or close to the origin of holometabolous insects, and formed the basis for the evolution of the segmentation mode seen in Drosophila. We discuss the changes in segmentation mechanisms throughout insect evolution, and suggest that the appearance of simultaneous segmentation as a novel feature of holometabolous insects may have contributed to the phenomenal success of this group.

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Hexapoda: Comparative Aspects of Early Development

Cited by 10 publications

References 71 publications

Comparative Transcriptomics in Two Extreme Neopterans Reveals General Trends in the Evolution of Modern Insects

Comparative Transcriptomics in Two Extreme Neopterans Reveals General Trends in the Evolution of Modern Insects

Comparative analysis of miRNA expression during the development of insects of different metamorphosis modes and germ-band types

Blastoderm segmentation inOncopeltus fasciatusand the evolution of insect segmentation mechanisms

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