Hexose monophosphate shunt, the role of its metabolites and associated disorders: A review

Akram, Muhammad; Shah, Syed Muhammad Ali; Munir, Naveed; Daniyal, Muhammad; Tahir, Imtiaz Mahmood; Mahmood, Zahed; Irshad, Muhammad Imran; Akhlaq, Muhammad; Sultana, Sabira; Zainab, Rida

doi:10.1002/jcp.28228

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The presence of NADP-linked xylitol dehydrogenase (XRD) has been reported in normal as well as G6PD-deficient RBCs of humans. Xylitol dehydrogenase generates NADH to counter oxidative stress and could possibly be used for the treatment of G6PD-deficient hemolytic anemia as well as in prevention of acetyl-phenylhydrazine-induced acute hemolysis of rabbit RBCs [117][118][119].…”

Section: Hemolytic Anemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological and Pharmacological Potential of Xylitol: A Molecular Insight of Unique Metabolism

Ahuja

Macho

Ewe

et al. 2020

Foods

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Xylitol is a white crystalline, amorphous sugar alcohol and low-calorie sweetener. Xylitol prevents demineralization of teeth and bones, otitis media infection, respiratory tract infections, inflammation and cancer progression. NADPH generated in xylitol metabolism aid in the treatment of glucose-6-phosphate deficiency-associated hemolytic anemia. Moreover, it has a negligible effect on blood glucose and plasma insulin levels due to its unique metabolism. Its diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and polymer industries fueled its market growth and made it one of the top 12 bio-products. Recently, xylitol has also been used as a drug carrier due to its high permeability and non-toxic nature. However, it become a challenge to fulfil the rapidly increasing market demand of xylitol. Xylitol is present in fruit and vegetables, but at very low concentrations, which is not adequate to satisfy the consumer demand. With the passage of time, other methods including chemical catalysis, microbial and enzymatic biotransformation, have also been developed for its large-scale production. Nevertheless, large scale production still suffers from high cost of production. In this review, we summarize some alternative approaches and recent advancements that significantly improve the yield and lower the cost of production.

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Section: Hemolytic Anemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological and Pharmacological Potential of Xylitol: A Molecular Insight of Unique Metabolism

Ahuja

Macho

Ewe

et al. 2020

Foods

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“…Numerous proteins in their lifetimes become phosphorylated/dephosphorylated at Tyr, Ser, Thr, and His side‐chains . Although this list is by no means limitative, it is encountered in numerous phosphate sugars in cellular metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, hexose monophosphate shunt, and so on. One of our laboratories has a long‐standing interest in the design of DPG‐based sugar inhibitors of aldose‐ketose isomerases, such as phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration of the dianionic phosphate group: Validation on the recognition site of the homodimeric enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase

et al. 2020

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We calibrate and validate the parameters necessary to represent the dianionic phosphate group (DPG) in molecular mechanics. DPG is an essential fragment of signaling biological molecules and protein-binding ligands. It is a constitutive fragment of biosensors, which bind to the dimer interface of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), an intracellular enzyme involved in sugar metabolism, as well as an extracellular protein known as autocrine motility factor (AMF) closely related to metastasis formation. Our long-term objective is to design DPG-based biosensors with enhanced affinities for AMF/PGI cancer biomarker in blood. Molecular dynamics with polarizable potentials could be used toward this aim. This requires to first evaluate the accuracy of such potentials upon representing the interactions of DPG with its PGI ligands and tightly bound water molecules. Such evaluations are done by comparisons with high-level ab initio quantum chemistry (QC) calculations. We focus on the Sum of Interactions Between Fragments Ab initio computed (SIBFA) polarizable molecular mechanics procedure. We present first the results of the DPG calibration. This is followed by comparisons between ΔE(SIBFA) and ΔE(QC) regarding bi-molecular complexes of DPG with the main-chain and side-chain PGI residues, which bind to it in the recognition site. We then consider DPG complexes with an increasing number of PGI residues. The largest QC complexes encompass the entirety of the recognition site, with six structural water molecules totaling up to 211 atoms. A persistent and satisfactory agreement could be shown between ΔE(SIBFA) and ΔE(QC). These validations constitute an essential first step toward large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of DPG-based biosensors bound at the PGI dimer interface. WWW.C-CHEM.ORG J. Comput. Chem. 2020, 41, 839-854 WWW.CHEMISTRYVIEWS.COM 105 to 225 , at fixed θ angle of 270 . Points 29-35 (E): 30 variations of the O-P-O 2 -H angle, from 0 to 180 , at fixed θ angle of 225 . Points 36-42 (F): 30 variations of the O─P─O 2 ─H angle, from 0 to 180 , at fixed θ angle of 255 . Points 43-49 (G): 30 variations of the O─P─O 3 ─H angle, from 0 to 180 , at fixed θ angle of 225 . Points 50-56 (H): 30 variations of the O─P─O 3 ─H angle, from 0 to 180 , at fixed θ angle of 255 . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] WWW.C-CHEM.ORG

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“…Energy was obtained anaerobically according to Embden-Meyerhof pathway, traditionally accumulating the latter in the form of adenosine triphosphate [6]. One of the ways to carry out the functional activity of erythrocytes in response to oxidative stimulation was focused on the resources of hexose monophosphate shunt [7]. Following this, the life cycle of the damaged cells continued.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultramicroscopic Erythrocytes Profile as a Component of the Babesiosis Pathogenesis

Torianyk¹

2021

Wiad Lek

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The aim is to identify the ultramicroscopic features of the erythrocytes as a component of the babesiosis pathogenesis using scanning electronic microscopy. Materials and methods: Blood samples from 18 domestic dogs with clinically, microscopically, molecularly and genetically confirmed babesiosis served as the study material. The group of comparative control consisted of clinically healthy people (n=31) and domestic dogs (n=6). The method of scanning electron microscopy was used to study the spatial (three-dimensional coordinate system: the plane formed by the axes OX; OY; OZ) pathology of the size and shape of erythrocytes, microrelief of blood cells surfaces, membranopathies (raptures, macromolecules, conglomerates, micropores). The native peripheral blood smears of various origins were performed in accordance with the generally accepted method without fixation, staining/contrast. For this purpose, 0.01 ml of native blood was applied to the degreased surface of the metal platform (S=1 cm2), dried in the air of the laboratory premise, analyzed (× 2000), using the resources of the equipment (SEO-SEM Inspect S50-B; energy dispersive spectrometer AZtecOne with detector X-MaxN20 (Oxford Instruments plc, UC) and power source in the gun: tungsten cathode with thermoelectron emission. This scanning electron microscope made it possible to examine the object under conditions of accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The analysis of the obtained results was performed in comparison. Results: Under conditions of babesiosis development, the erythrocyte link of hematopoiesis responded by the reduction of the number of normocytes (99.0 % in clinically healthy people and domestic dogs, 77.3 % in dogs with babesiosis), increased of the number of regenerative forms of erythrocytes (1% in clinically healthy people and domestic dogs, 1,5 % in dogs with babesiosis), appearanced of degenerative forms of erythrocytes with characteristic pathology of cell size and shape, membranopathies (damage of the integrity of the membrane with the formation of defects). Conclusions: Changes of the ultramicroscopic erythrocytes profile is one of the leading component of the babesiosis pathogenesis. The use of scanning electronic microscopy helps to obtain ultramicroscopic data on the presence of extraerythrocytic forms of Babesia on the background of the impossibility of diagnosis of anisochromia with detailing of inclusions in erythrocytes.

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Hexose monophosphate shunt, the role of its metabolites and associated disorders: A review

Cited by 25 publications

References 80 publications

Biological and Pharmacological Potential of Xylitol: A Molecular Insight of Unique Metabolism

Biological and Pharmacological Potential of Xylitol: A Molecular Insight of Unique Metabolism

Calibration of the dianionic phosphate group: Validation on the recognition site of the homodimeric enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase

Ultramicroscopic Erythrocytes Profile as a Component of the Babesiosis Pathogenesis

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