Hi-tech restoration by two-steps biocleaning process of<i>Triumph of Death</i>fresco at the Camposanto Monumental Cemetery (Pisa, Italy)

Ranalli, Giancarlo; Zanardini, Elisabetta; Andreotti, Alessia; Colombini, Maria Perla; Corti, Cristina; Bosch-Roig, Pilar; Nuntiis, Paola De; Lustrato, Giuseppe; Mandrioli, Paolo; Rampazzi, Laura; Giantomassi, Carlo; Zari, Donatella

doi:10.1111/jam.13913

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Biorestoration treatments can also be performed for removing residues of organic substances, for example casein, egg yolk, oil, and animal fat, which are difficult to remove with other techniques. Pseudomonas stutzeri was successfully used for the removal of organic matter from wall paintings [36,[77][78][79][80][81], including animal glue residues due to the "strappo" technique, applied between painted frescoes and the adhering gauze for detaching frescoes from walls during the Second World War. Recently, promising results were obtained by using an innovative agar-gauze biogel system, activated with viable P.stutzeri cells.…”

Section: Biocleaningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Use of Microorganisms as Restorative Agents: An Update

et al. 2019

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The biodeterioration process involves every type of Cultural Heritage item, including monuments, stoneworks, frescoes, and easel paintings. The accurate study of the microbial and fungal communities dwelling on artworks, and involved in their deterioration, is essential for the adoption of optimal prevention and conservation strategies. Conventional restorative methods, that usually involve chemical and physical technologies, present some disadvantages, including short-term and unsatisfactory effects, potential damage to the treated works, human toxicity, and environmental hazards. Research in the field of restoration has paved the way for innovative biological approaches, or ‘biorestoration’, in which microorganisms are not only considered as an eventual danger for artworks, but rather as potential tools for restoration. The present review describes the main aspects of the biodeterioration process and highlights the most relevant biorestoration approaches: bioconsolidation, biocleaning, biological control, and new promising bio-decontaminating compounds.

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Section: Biocleaningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Use of Microorganisms as Restorative Agents: An Update

et al. 2019

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“…Furthermore, the growth conditions of the selected strain and its biodegradation activity were tested before the biocleaning was undertaken (Bosch‐Roig and Ranalli ; Ranalli et al . ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Pseudomonas stutzeri strain A29 (DIBT Microbial Collection, University of Molise, I) was used for all the bio-applications on the basis of the performance obtained in previous studies Bosch-Roig et al 2012;Lustrato et al 2012). Furthermore, the growth conditions of the selected strain and its biodegradation activity were tested before the biocleaning was undertaken (Bosch-Roig and Ranalli 2018; Ranalli et al 2018).…”

Section: Chemical Characterization By Py/gc-ms and Ft-irmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other successful biorestoration treatments have been recently carried out on frescoes at the Camposanto Monumentale in Pisa; in this case, the specific aim was to remove the gauze glued to the paint surface, which was used in the ‘strappo’ technique during World War II to detach frescoes from the original walls after a bomb (Ranalli et al . , , ; Antonioli et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Onsite advanced biocleaning system for historical wall paintings using new agar-gauze bacteria gel

Ranalli

Zanardini

Rampazzi

et al. 2019

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims This study reports the results of the application of a new agar‐gauze biogel system activated with viable bacterial cells to altered wall paintings. Methods and Results Biocleaning using agar biogel and agar‐gauze biogel systems was performed onsite by direct application to altered wall painting surfaces (25–1000 cm2). The treatments were performed for the restoration of two original Italian sites: (i) at the Vatican Museums, Cristo che salva Pietro dalle acque—La Navicella, a wall painting by Giovanni Lanfranco (1627–1628) and (ii) at Pisa Cathedral Cupola, Incarnato, a wall painting by Orazio Riminaldi (1593–1630) and his brother Girolamo Riminaldi. The novelty of this study is the use of viable Pseudomonas stutzeri A29 cells in an advanced agar‐gauze biogel system and the short bio‐application contact times of between 3 and 12 h. The historical artworks were altered by lipid and protein residues from past restoration, as confirmed by Py‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and FT‐IR data. The effectiveness of the biological treatment was assessed, and general considerations were discussed. Conclusions The short bio‐application contact time of advanced agar‐gauze gel activated with viable P. stutzeri cells makes this biotechnology promising as an alternative method to the traditional onsite cleaning techniques currently in use for altered historical wall paintings. Significance and Impact of the Study In this study, we report for the first time the biocleaning of altered materials located in vertical and vaulted areas using agar‐gauze biogel with short application times. These findings are of great significance for future restoration activities and are crucial for determining the best preservation strategies in this field.

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“…Some authors have tested protocols based on the use of general culture media supplemented with the substance to be cleaned. For example, Ranalli et al [13] used Plate Count Agar supplemented with animal glue for the bioremoval of animal glue from wall paintings. By contrast, other authors used mineral media supplemented with the substance to be cleaned.…”

Section: Bacterial Selection Media and Culture Protocols For The Adamentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocleaning to Remove Graffiti: A Real Possibility? Advances towards a Complete Protocol of Action

Sanmartín

Bosch-Roig

2019

Coatings

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The first academic studies on the use of microorganisms in cleaning procedures appeared in the late 1980s/early 1990s. In the past thirty years, most of such studies have addressed the removal of nitrate and sulphate salts and organic matter from surfaces by using non-pathogenic anaerobic microorganisms, mainly sulphate-reducing bacteria. The successful use of microbes in the removal of graffiti paint remains, however, a work in progress. Biocleaning surfaces to remove graffiti is not a simple task, because of the complex chemical composition of graffiti paints. This study looks at ways of improving the bioremoval of graffiti and presents the latest findings regarding different methodological aspects of cleaning natural and man-made stone. Granite and concrete substrates were coated with silver and black graffiti spray paints for comparison of the efficacy of the biocleaning method on these different materials. Visual and microscopic examination along with colour and infrared measurements made after application of the bacterial strains tested (previously shown to be suitable candidates for bioremoval of graffiti) revealed remarkably successful results. The findings presented thus represent progress in the development of a biocleaning protocol applicable to the in-situ removal of graffiti. Important improvements have been made regarding the time of treatment, which has been reduced by up to 20 days, and the use of a culture medium enriched with powdered graffiti, which facilitates and accelerates the adaptation of the microorganisms to the target surface.

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Hi-tech restoration by two-steps biocleaning process ofTriumph of Deathfresco at the Camposanto Monumental Cemetery (Pisa, Italy)

Abstract: These findings can be of significant importance for other future new restoration activities and they are crucial for determining preservation strategies in this field.

Cited by 16 publications

References 24 publications

The Potential Use of Microorganisms as Restorative Agents: An Update

The Potential Use of Microorganisms as Restorative Agents: An Update

Onsite advanced biocleaning system for historical wall paintings using new agar-gauze bacteria gel

Biocleaning to Remove Graffiti: A Real Possibility? Advances towards a Complete Protocol of Action

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