“…But most of them have geographical coverage areas below km 2 and are located in concentrated regions, such as ISPRS Potsdam ( ISPRS-Contest, 2018 ), ISPRS Vaihingen ( ISPRS-Contest, 2018 ), Zurich Summer ( Volpi and Ferrari, 2015 ), RIT-18 ( Kemker et al, 2018 ), and Zeebruges ( Marcos et al, 2018 ). Existing large-scale datasets, with coverage areas more than km 2 and wide geographical distributions, are typically annotated with about 10 classes, and do not contain detailed urban functional categories, including SpaceNet ( Van Etten et al, 2018 ), DeepGlobe ( Demir et al, 2018 ), MiniFrance ( Castillo-Navarro et al, 2021 ), Gaofen Image Dataset (GID) ( Tong et al, 2020 , Yang et al, 2022 ), and LandCoverNet ( Alemohammad and Booth, 2020 ). Although these large-scale datasets possess adequate data amount and data diversity, their incomplete land cover category systems prevent them from fully bridging the gap between algorithmic research and real-world applications.…”