Mexico is a center of diversification for the genus Quercus, with an important number of taxa occurring along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB). However, the impact of the interaction between historical and current climatic variation and geological heterogeneity in the TMVB on the genetic and phenotypic diversification within oak species has been scarcely investigated. We used chloroplast DNA microsatellites and a geometric morphometrics analysis of leaf shape to understand differentiation between populations of Quercus deserticola, which inhabits dry highlands along the TMVB.Ecological niche modeling (ENM) for present-day conditions and projections into past scenarios were performed to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the evolutionary history of the species. Results showed high genetic diversity (h S =0.774) and high genetic structure (R ST =0.75) and the morphological subdivision of populations into two clusters, corresponding to the west/south and east/north sectors of the Q. deserticola geographic distribution. ENM indicated that the potential distribution of the species has remained similar from the late Pleistocene to the present. Seemingly, the phylogeographic structure of the species has been shaped by low seed-mediated gene flow and mostly local migration patterns. In turn, leaf shape is responding to climate differences either through phenotypic plasticity or local adaptation. is a volcanic mountain chain with nearly 8000 volcanic structures, extending about 1200 km west to east through central Mexico, from the Pacific coast to the Gulf of Mexico coast. Furthermore, the TMVB has a large environmental heterogeneity and has experienced important climatic changes from the Pliocene and Pleistocene to the present (Gómez-Tuena et al. 2007; Ferrari et al. 2012). Based on age, orogeny and tectonic features, the TMVB has been divided into four sectors (western, central, eastern and easternmost), each with its own characteristics (Gómez-Tuena et al. 2005; Ferrari et al. 2012). The TMVB has also been considered as a complex biogeographic unit (i. e. it shows a high degree of species endemism and diversity), with two sectors, west and east (Gámez et al. 2012;Torres-Miranda et al. 2013). Four main episodes of volcanic activity of the TMVB have occurred during different periods from the early Miocene to the present, affecting this region asynchronously, first the western and later the eastern sectors (Gómez-Tuena et al. 2005; Gámez et al. 2012; Ferrari et al. 2012).Several studies have found that the physiographic context of the TMVB has been important in the genetic structuring and phenotypic divergence of different species and how climatic and geologic events have modified their distributions in various time periods (Jaramillo-Correa et al. 2008; Gámez et al. 2012;Ruiz-Sánchez and Specht 2013;Torres-Miranda et al. 2013; Mastretta-Yanes et al. 2015; Rodríguez-Gómez and Ornelas . The TMVB has been shown to be a geographic barrier that limits the dispersion of plants and animals tha...