2021
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147671
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Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics?

Abstract: Schizophrenia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that has complex symptoms and uncertain etiology. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of genetics and epigenetic disturbances, alteration in gut microbiome, immune system abnormalities, and environmental influence in the disease, but a single root cause and mechanism involved has yet to be conclusively determined. Consequently, the identification of diagnostic markers and the development of psychotic drugs for the treatment of schizo… Show more

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Cited by 60 publications
(62 citation statements)
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References 257 publications
(299 reference statements)
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“…Microbiome dysbiosis, an imbalance between "good" and "bad" microbiota can be influenced by various environmental factors, including diet, diseases, genetic makeup of the host and medical intervention. This disrupts the diversity of the gut microorganisms by regulating the numbers of bacterial communities [17,18]. However, the mechanisms by which "good" bacteria protect the IVD tissues, and "bad" bacteria damage the IVD are still unclear and require further investigation.…”
Section: Human Microbiome and Iddmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Microbiome dysbiosis, an imbalance between "good" and "bad" microbiota can be influenced by various environmental factors, including diet, diseases, genetic makeup of the host and medical intervention. This disrupts the diversity of the gut microorganisms by regulating the numbers of bacterial communities [17,18]. However, the mechanisms by which "good" bacteria protect the IVD tissues, and "bad" bacteria damage the IVD are still unclear and require further investigation.…”
Section: Human Microbiome and Iddmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The infant microbiome is first impacted by the maternal gestational environment, both in health and in disease; maternal infection during gestation has been implicated in large scale epidemiological studies in subsequent neurodevelopmental disabilities in offspring (such as ASD and schizophrenia) and there is significant reason to hypothesize that the maternal microbiome and metabolome play a role in fetal neurodevelopment and subsequent impairments ( 24 – 28 ). Additionally, the maternal microbiome impacts the neonatal microbiome with clear relationships between maternal gestational diet, perinatal antibiotics, and delivery mode ( 2 , 29 – 32 ).…”
Section: Foundations Of the Infant Gut Microbiomementioning
confidence: 99%
“…From this perspective, for the treatment of psychotic disorders, the continuous use of pro- and prebiotics is generally suggested to prevent alteration of the gut microbiota and enhance natural immunity [ 52 ] with contrasting results, especially in schizophrenia [ 53 ]. Studies are underway to identify the most effective microbial strains and the appropriate dose of fiber/prebiotics for their proliferation with therapeutic potential [ 54 , 55 ]. Regarding periodontogenic probiotic strains, they could facilitate oral hygiene measures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease [ 56 ].…”
Section: Perspectivesmentioning
confidence: 99%