Hiding behavior in Christmas tree worms on different time scales

Filamentous turf algae on tube worms intensify damage in massive Porites corals

“…When it senses danger, it retracts inside its tube, which becomes shut by a calcified operculum (Pezner et al. ). This operculum is adorned with antler‐shaped spines and may become covered by epibiotic algae and invertebrates (Hoeksema et al.…”

“…The serpulid excretes a calcareous tube, which usually becomes incorporated within the host coral, except for its opening (Nishi and Nishihira 1999). When it senses danger, it retracts inside its tube, which becomes shut by a calcified operculum (Pezner et al 2017). This operculum is adorned with antler-shaped spines and may become covered by epibiotic algae and invertebrates (Hoeksema et al 2018, Perry et al 2018b.…”

An escape theory model for directionally moving prey and an experimental test in juvenile Chinook salmon

“…For example, lower FIDs in sheltered versus exposed habitats suggest that prey perceive less risk when shelter is available (de Boer van K E Y W O R D S antipredator behaviour, economic escape theory, hatchery, migration, movement, predation risk, speed Breukelen, Hootsmans, & van Wieren, 2004). Likewise, a longer time to emerge from refuge when more conspecifics are present suggests that prey perceive that situation to be riskier, possibly due to predator aggregation in response to prey density (Pezner, Lim, Kang, Armenta, & Blumstein, 2017). The general question escape theory models ask is as follows: how much predation risk do prey perceive?…”

Coral injuries caused by Spirobranchus opercula with and without epibiotic turf algae at Curaçao

“…When threatened, the worms rapidly retract inside their tubes, closing them by the calcified operculum, which is attached to a fleshy stalk (Hoeksema and Ten Hove 2014;Pezner et al 2017). Failing to retract in time entails risk of predation by fish (Nishi and Kikuchi 1996;Hoeksema and Ten Hove 2017b).…”