Hidrodinâmica do escoamento nos canais catódicos de uma célula a combustível de membrana polimérica condutora de prótons

Abstract

This work aims to study the regions of the cathode channels of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell-PEMFC, in which there is accumulation of water, this water flow patterns in the channels, as well as the operating conditions at which this occurs. This accumulated water in the cathode channels has two distinct origins, namely: 1. Water formed in the reaction of the oxygen reduction at the cathode catalytic site. 2. Water from the condensation formed due to the water vapor coming from the oxygen humidifier. The developed experimental setup allowed the perfect visualization of the phenomena, as it follows: starting with droplets that emerge from the cathode gas diffusion layer, then these droplets undergo a process of coalescence, increasing in size to form a film on the walls of the channels. Continuing this process, there is a thickening of the film with the formation of liquid water slugs, occupying the area of the oxygen passage in the channels. Blocking the passage of the oxygen through the slug of liquid water in the channel prevents oxygen from reaching the catalytic sites of the cathode catalyst layer, where the oxygen reduction reaction occurs. Thereby, the reaction is stopped, constituting one of the most serious problems of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, since the cell performance is directly affected. Continuous formation of these slugs and their grouping is a phenomenon called flooding of the cell. The study of these phenomena inside the cathodic channel of a transparent prototype PEM fuel cell (the end of the cathode plate constructed of polycarbonate, which is a transparent material), with 5 cm ² geometric area, was used. The cell was fed with hydrogen fuel at the anode and with oxidant oxygen at the cathode. In the experiments, a range of temperatures varying from 25ºC to 55ºC was used. The maximum temperature of the cell was limited to 55ºC, once the polycarbonate starts to degrade with water at 60ºC, therefore not using temperatures between 70ºC and 90ºC, which are the operating temperatures of commercial PEM fuel cells. The flow rates of oxygen and hydrogen commonly used were, respectively, 60 mL min-1 and 100 mL min-1. The potential range varied from 0.1 V to 1.0 V. Anodic and cathodic electrodes, with platinum loading of 0.4 mg cm-2 , were used. The experimental results were compared with the numerical results in the form of polarization curves that measure cell performance, having good agreement with each other and, thereby, validating the numerical model used. The mathematical modeling of the cathode side, a COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3a commercial software was used, in which a switch function was implemented, which indicates the liquid / vapor equilibrium. Numerical results, as the distribution of saturation and the distribution of the water mole fraction, in a range of temperatures from 25ºC to 55ºC and potential of 0.1 V to 1.0 V, were obtained.