Hierarchical biomechanics: student engagement activities with a focus on biological physics

Abstract

Hierarchical structure and mechanics are crucial in biological systems as they allow for smaller molecules, such as proteins and sugars, to be used in the construction of large scale biological structures exhibiting properties such as structural support functionality. By exploring the fundamental principles of structure and mechanics at the macroscale, this general theme provides a clear insight into how physics can be applied to the complex questions of biology. With a focus on biopolymer networks and hydrogels, we present a series of interactive activities which cover a range of biophysical concepts at an introductory level, such as viscoelasticity, biological networks and ultimately, hierarchical biomechanics. These activities enable us to discuss multidisciplinary science with a general audience and, given the current trends of research science, this conceptualisation of science is vital for the next generation of scientists.

Hierarchical biomechanics: an introductory teaching framework

“…As mentioned in our previous work, of specific interest in our group are protein-based hydrogels [2]. These artificial biological systems are formed when globular proteins are made to chemically 'cross-link' with one another, forming network structures similar to biopolymer networks (see section 4).…”

“…In reality, to understand the behaviour of biological systems often requires specific expertise from each of the major scientific disciplines as well as high performance computing and even pure mathematics [1]. We have previously discussed this interdisciplinarity in terms of student engagement, with a focus on current research into biophysics; specifically the hierarchical biomechanics of protein-based hydrogels [2]. Our aim was to demonstrate to a student audience that such a collaborative endeavour accurately represents the current state of biophysics research in many institutions across the world.…”

“…To that end, we present a theoretical progression of understanding of hierarchical biomechanics. We previously reported the design and construction of a two-dimensional grid capable of supporting an arbitrary network of interconnected mechanical components under the application of external forces [2], hereafter referred to as the 'BioNetGrid'. We utilise this system to construct steadily more complex bead-spring networks, with continual reference to relevant biological examples.…”

“…With feedback from UK GCSE and A-level physics teachers, we have determined that a suitable audience for teaching these concepts is at the UK Key Stage 5 level of education and beyond (Ages 16+), as the exercises compliment the compulsory teaching of Hooke's law and Young's moduli in the UK A-level syllabuses [5,6]. Nevertheless, our previous experience using more qualitative interpretations of the BioNetGrid indicates that simply discussing the biological examples associated with the system can be enough to showcase the potential interdisciplinarity of STEM subjects [2].…”

“…The schematic shown in figure 2 has been fabricated and used in a number of engagement activities in collaboration with the University of Leeds [2]. However, there is a vast potential for more technical and in-depth discussions of biophysics using mechanical networks supported on the BioNetGrid as a focus.…”