Hierarchical Classification of Subject-Cooperative Control Strategies for Lower Limb Exoskeletons in Gait Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Over the last decade, lower limb exoskeletons have seen significant development, with a particular focus on improving the interaction between the subject and the exoskeleton. This has been achieved by implementing advanced control strategies that enable the safe and efficient use of the exoskeleton. In this work, the control strategies for lower limb exoskeletons are divided into upper-level control (supervisory and high-level control) and lower-level control (the servo layer). Before discussing these control strategies, a brief introduction to lower limb exoskeletons and their control schemes is provided. The control hierarchy for lower limb exoskeletons is then systematically reviewed along with an overview of the techniques used. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement is used to highlight the systematic process of identifying relevant articles with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The details of supervisory control, high-level control, and servo control strategies are presented by citing relevant state-of-the-art studies, particularly from the past five years. The targeted lower limb joint, training mode, and development stage for different control strategies are highlighted in a tabulated form to articulate the overall hierarchy level. Finally, the potential opportunities and limitations of subject-cooperative control are discussed. Overall, this work aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the control strategies used in lower limb exoskeletons, focusing on subject cooperation. This knowledge can be used to improve the safety and efficacy of lower limb exoskeletons, ultimately benefiting individuals with mobility impairments.

Advancements in Sensor Technologies and Control Strategies for Lower-Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeletons: A Comprehensive Review

“…Narayan et al [20] provided a comprehensive review of the development and control strategies of lower-limb exoskeletons, focusing on enhancing the interaction between the user and the exoskeleton. It categorized control strategies into upper-level and lower-level controls and systematically reviewed the control hierarchy, techniques, and methodologies used in recent years.…”