“…Noble metal based OER catalysts, such as IrO 2 and RuO 2 [16][17][18], demonstrate high activity but are limited by their exorbitant cost, finite reserves, and stability issues, hindering their large-scale application. Abundant non-noble metals such as Ni [19][20][21], Co [22][23][24], and Fe [25][26][27] based compounds, including oxides, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, and layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have shown promise as OER catalysts. As water electrolysis has already achieved industrialization and is witnessing rapidly growing demand, the capacity of individual alkaline water electrolysis devices has reached over 5 GW, with electrode sizes typically exceeding 2 m. Industrial electrodes are commonly produced using plasma spraying methods, where Raney nickel is applied to the cathode substrate surface, while the anode is typically produced via alloy powder spraying due to its feasibility for large-scale, low-cost manufacturing.…”