Hierarchical porous polycaprolactone microspheres generated via a simple pathway combining nanoprecipitation and hydrolysis

Fan, Hailong; Jin, Zhaoxia

doi:10.1039/c5cc04586j

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The macrophages present in vivo can easily engulf these NPs that are excreted from the body through liver and spleen instead of them undergoing biodegradation. Also, a majority of mesoporous carbon NP-based drug delivery vehicles suffer from conventional preparation costs, micrometer-sized particles, irregular shapes and low scalability. − To address these challenges, uniform ∼12 nm diameter porous nanospheres (PNs) of carbon with good water dispersibility, biocompatibility, semigraphitic nature, high surface area and uniform pore diameter were synthesized from porous carbon (PC) obtained by chemical oxidation of low cost omnipresent precursors such as pasture grass, human hair and sucrose. The micrometer-sized PCs were converted to PNs by an oxidative scalable process using piranha (3:1, H 2 SO 4 :H 2 O 2 ) at room temperature, which also introduces oxygen containing functional groups to generate water dispersibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Modifications of Porous Carbon Nanospheres Obtained from Ubiquitous Precursors for Targeted Drug Delivery and Live Cell Imaging

Kapri

Majee

Bhattacharyya

2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Cost-effective anti-cancer drug delivery vehicles that can ensure controlled and targeted transportation of drug molecules are pertinent to modern day biomedical applications. Minimally toxic 9–13 nm diameter porous carbon nanospheres (PNs) were synthesized by oxidative cutting of porous carbon matrices (PCs) obtained by carbonization of pasture grass, human hair and sucrose. Among them, the grass-derived PNs (PN-G) with superior surface area, porosity and graphitic content demonstrate a significant loading of the drug both by chemical binding and physisorption. Polyethylenimine (PEI) and folic acid (FA) functionalization maintain therapeutic efficacy of the drug doxorubicin (DOX) to the targeted folate receptor (FR) overexpressed human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) through receptor mediated endocytosis whereas FR deficient normal cells (human embryonic kidney 293) exhibit substantially lower endocytosis under identical conditions. Moreover, upon loading cell-impermeable propidium iodide (PI), the PNs display superior activity toward near-infrared (NIR) live cell imaging in HeLa cells whereby due to a higher binding affinity of PI with the nucleic acids, the PI-to-PN energy transfer quenched fluorescence is recovered. This dual functionality of controlled and targeted drug delivery and photobleaching resistant live cell imaging by the cost-effective PNs has larger implications in nanomedicine research and technology. Porous carbon nanospheres derived from abundant resources act as highly efficient and cost-effective nanocarriers for targeted anticancer drug delivery and live cell imaging.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Modifications of Porous Carbon Nanospheres Obtained from Ubiquitous Precursors for Targeted Drug Delivery and Live Cell Imaging

Kapri

Majee

Bhattacharyya

2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Post‐treatment of solid polymeric microspheres is an alternative approach to prepare PPMs. For example, NaOH was utilized to accelerate the hydrolysis of polyester microspheres to obtain PPMs . However, not only wastes were found in PPMs but also the extent of hydrolysis was hard to control in the post‐treatment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Structure‐Guided Self‐Assisted Preparation of Poly(ester‐thioether)‐Based Hollow Porous Microspheres and Hierarchically Interconnected Microcages for Drug Release

Cheng

et al. 2019

Macromolecular Bioscience

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The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201900171. Porous MicrospheresPorous polymer microspheres (PPMs) have been widely applied in various biomedical fields. Herein, the self-assisted preparation of poly(esterthioether)-based porous microspheres and hierarchical microcages, whose pore sizes can be controlled by varying the polymer structures, is reported. Poly(ester-thioether)s with alkyl side chains (carbon atom numbers were 2, 4, and 8) can generate hollow porous microspheres; the longer alkyl chain length, the larger pore size of microspheres. The allyl-modified poly(esterthioether) (PHBDT-g-C 3 ) can form highly open, hierarchically interconnected microcages. A formation mechanism of these PPMs is proposed; the hydrophobic side chains-mediated stabilization of oil droplets dictate the droplet aggregation and following solvent evaporation, which is the key to the formation of PPMs. The hierarchically interconnected microcages of PHBDT-g-C 3 are due to the partially crosslinking of polymers. Pore sizes of PPMs can be further tuned by a simple mixing strategy of poly(esterthioether)s with different pore-forming abilities. The potential application of these PPMs as H 2 O 2 -responsive vehicles for delivery of hydrophobic (Nile Red) and hydrophilic (doxorubicin hydrochloride) cargos is also investigated. The microspheres with larger pore sizes show faster in vitro drug release. The poly(ester-thioether)-based polymer microspheres can open a new avenue for the design of PPMs and provide a H 2 O 2 -responsive drug delivery platform.

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“…However, hydrophobic polymers, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), are unlikely to form connected pores [21,22]. Partial hydrolysis of polymers has been shown to provide hydrophilic groups and promote the formation of surface pores [21,23], while amphoteric polymers are more effective to adjust the surface morphology of the microspheres [24][25][26]. Nonetheless, amphiphilic copolymers containing PEG blocks have been reported to resist cell adhesion and protein adsorption since the highly hydrated PEG chains could form an antifouling layer [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precise Fabrication of Porous Microspheres by Iso-Density Emulsion Combined with Microfluidics

Shi

Zhang

et al. 2022

Polymers

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Polymer porous microspheres with large specific surface areas and good fluidity have promising important applications in the biomedical field. However, controllable fabrication of porous microspheres with precise size, morphology, and pore structure is still a challenge, and phase separation caused by the instability of the emulsion is the main factor affecting the precise preparation of porous microspheres. Herein, a method combining the iso-density emulsion (IDE) template and microfluidics was proposed to realize the controllable preparation of polymer porous microspheres. The IDE exhibited excellent stability with minimal phase separation within 4 h, thus showing potential advantages in the large-scale preparation of porous microspheres. With the IDE template combined microfluidics technique and the use of a customized amphoteric copolymer, PEG-b-polycaprolactone, polycaprolactone (PCL) porous microspheres with porosity higher than 90% were successfully prepared. Afterwards, the main factors, including polymer concentration, water–oil ratio and homogenization time were investigated to regulate the pore structure of microspheres, and microspheres with different pore sizes (1–30 μm) were obtained. PCL porous microspheres exhibited comparable cell viability relative to the control group and good potential as cell microcarriers after surface modification with polydopamine. The modified PCL porous microspheres implanted subcutaneously in rats underwent rapid in vivo degradation and tissue ingrowth. Overall, this study demonstrated an efficient strategy for the precise preparation of porous microspheres and investigated the potential of the as-prepared PCL porous microspheres as cell microcarriers and micro-scaffolds.

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Hierarchical porous polycaprolactone microspheres generated via a simple pathway combining nanoprecipitation and hydrolysis

Abstract: We demonstrated a one-pot, soap-free fabrication of porous polycaprolactone microspheres by combining nanoprecipitation and hydrolysis. The obtained porous polycaprolactone microspheres show great advantages for application in drug delivery.

Cited by 14 publications

References 47 publications

Chemical Modifications of Porous Carbon Nanospheres Obtained from Ubiquitous Precursors for Targeted Drug Delivery and Live Cell Imaging

Chemical Modifications of Porous Carbon Nanospheres Obtained from Ubiquitous Precursors for Targeted Drug Delivery and Live Cell Imaging

Polymer Structure‐Guided Self‐Assisted Preparation of Poly(ester‐thioether)‐Based Hollow Porous Microspheres and Hierarchically Interconnected Microcages for Drug Release

Precise Fabrication of Porous Microspheres by Iso-Density Emulsion Combined with Microfluidics

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