High affinity of cadmium and copper to head kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate bioaccumulation of metals in various tissues of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L. exposed to cadmium and copper (a xenobiotic and a microelement). The fish were subjected to short-term (3 h, Cd-S and Cu-S) or long-term (4 weeks, Cd-L and Cu-L) exposures to 100 % 96hLC50 or 10 % 96hLC50, respectively. Blood, gill, liver, head and trunk kidney were isolated weekly from 5 fish of each group for 4 weeks (post-short-term exposure and during long-term exposure). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique was applied to measure concentrations of metals (Cd and Cu) in fish tissues. Initial concentrations of copper in fish tissues were higher than levels of cadmium. Cadmium and copper levels increased in all tissues of metal-exposed fish. After short-term exposures (at higher concentration) and during long-term exposures (at lower concentration), similar changes in metal concentrations were observed. The values of accumulation factor (ratio of final to initial metal concentration) were higher for cadmium as compared to copper. Comparison of metal levels and accumulation factors in various tissues revealed that cadmium and copper showed very high affinity to head kidney of common carp (higher than to other tissues), but accumulation factors for cadmium in trunk, head kidney and liver were much higher than for copper. The concentrations of copper in organs of Cu-exposed fish increased only slightly and quickly returned to the control level, which shows that fish organism easily buffered metal level. On the other hand, concentrations of cadmium considerably increased and remained elevated for a long time which suggests that activation of mechanisms of sequestration and elimination of cadmium required more time.

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cadmium, Copper and Zinc in a direct comparison at equitoxic concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles

“…The carp used for that experiment had an average weight of 60.6 ± 27.8 g, which most likely explains the over 10-fold higher tolerance to waterborne copper, compared to the 2.6 g juveniles used for this experiment. For cadmium and zinc also higher lethal levels were reported, which can similarly be attributed to the fact that larger fish were used (Naji et al 2007; Kondera et al 2014). Secondly, the water chemistry does also play a major role in metal availability, and thus toxicity.…”

“…However, even under controlled conditions the outcomes of these kind of studies are likely to be influenced by confounding factors, such as age of the animals, environmental conditions, and the water chemistry (Stouthart et al 1996; Das and Das 2005; Ebrahimpour et al 2010). A query in the EPA ecotox database (EPA 2016) for 96h LC 50 values of copper, cadmium and zinc toxicity for common carp, resulted in a wide range of concentrations for each of the metals tested: 96 h LC 50 for Cu between 0.02 and 542 μM (Rehwoldt et al 1971; Deshmukh and Marathe 1980; Verma et al 1981; Alam and Maughan 1992; Kaur and Dhawan 1994; Alam and Maughan 1995; Ganesh et al 2000; De Boeck et al 2004a; Das and Das 2005; Hashemi et al 2008; Roopadevi et al 2011); 96 h LC 50 for Cd between 1.25 and 159 μM (Chouikhi 1979; Alkahem 1993; Suresh et al 1993; Ramesha et al 1996; Malekpouri and Asghar 2011; Kondera et al 2014); and 96 h LC 50 for Zn between 149 and 769 μM (Tishinova 1975; Hattink et al 2006; Malekpouri and Asghar 2011).…”

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cadmium, Copper and Zinc in a direct comparison at equitoxic concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles

“…The carp used for that experiment had an average weight of 60 g compared to the 2.6 g juveniles used for this experiment, which most likely explains the over 10-fold higher tolerance to waterborne copper (LC 50 96h: 0.77 ±0.03 μM). For cadmium and zinc higher lethal levels were also reported, which can similarly be attributed to the fact that larger fish were used [69,61]. Secondly, the water chemistry does also play a major role in metal availability, and thus toxicity.…”

“…However, even under controlled conditions the outcomes of these kind of studies are likely to be influenced by confounding factors, such as age of the animals, environmental conditions, and the water chemistry [44,45,46]. A query in the EPA ecotox database [47] for 96h LC 50 values of copper, cadmium and zinc toxicity for common carp, resulted in a wide range of concentrations for each of the metals tested: 96 h LC 50 for copper between 0.02 and 542 μM [22,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,45,55,56]; 96 h LC 50 for cadmium between 1.25 and 159 μM [57,58,59,60,19,61]; and 96 h LC 50 for zinc between 149 and 769 μM [62,18,19].…”

Bioconcentration of Essential and Nonessential Elements in Black Sea Turbot (Psetta Maxima Maeotica Linnaeus, 1758) in Relation to Fish Gender

“…Accumulation of toxic metals in the environment leads to concerns, manifested by governments and scientific communities, due to potential problems associated with health risks and food poisoning [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Toxic metals can damage the liver, kidney [15], digestive system and the brain, and can produce cancer to higher rank consumers [16] in communities with preponderant fish-based diets. Furthermore, toxic metals can reach the cell nucleus and cause mutagenesis [17].…”