High-Agreement Uncorrelated Secret Key Generation Based on Principal Component Analysis Preprocessing

Li, Guyue; Hu, Aiqun; Zhang, Junqing; Peng, Linning; Sun, Chen; Cao, Dongpu

doi:10.1109/tcomm.2018.2814607

Cited by 108 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A practical key generation protocol was proposed in 1995 [53] and in 1996 [54]. There have been extensive interests on theoretical exploration [55], [56], modelling [57]- [61] and protocol design [62]- [65]. Thanks to the rapid development of the semiconductor industry and wireless technologies, wireless applications have become pervasive and lead to fruitful key generation prototyping and ultimately to its practical exploration.…”

Section: Key Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

et al. 2020

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology, which is revolutionizing our everyday life by connecting everyone and everything together. The massive number of devices are preferably connected wirelessly because of the easy installment and flexible deployment. However, the broadcast nature of the wireless medium makes the information accessible to everyone including malicious users, which should hence be protected by encryption. Unfortunately, the secure and efficient provision of cryptographic keys for low-cost IoT devices is challenging; weak keys have resulted in severe security breaches, as evidenced by numerous notorious cyberattacks. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of lightweight security solutions conceived for IoT, relying on key generation from wireless channels. We first introduce the key generation fundamentals and protocols. We then examine how to apply this emerging technique to secure IoT and demonstrate that key generation relying on the randomness of wireless channels is eminently suitable for IoT. This paper reviews the extensive research efforts in the areas of theoretical modelling, simulation based validation and experimental exploration. We finally discuss the hurdles and challenges that key generation is facing and suggest future work to make key generation a reliable and secure solution to safeguard the IoT.

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Section: Key Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

et al. 2020

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“…Denote the channel characteristics estimated during T for the user u ∈ {A, B, E} as H u with length L H , where A, B, and E represent Alice, Bob, and Eve, respectively. Secondly, the user u maps the input values from H u into output values in a bit sequence set through quantization, e.g., channel quantization with guardband (CQG) used in [20]. The quantized bit sequence is represented as Q u with length L Q .…”

Section: Secret Key Generation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, there has existed unavoidable bit disagreements between Q A and Q B , caused by time delay in TDD systems, hardware differences, and noise [21]. Although some preprocessing approaches, e.g, principal component analysis (PCA) [20], are applied, the bit disagreements are not fully eliminated. However, even a bit difference in a secret key will trigger an avalanche effect, leading to complete decryption failure.…”

Section: Secret Key Generation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Information Reconciliation Method for Physical Layer Key Generation

Zhang

et al. 2019

Entropy

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Physical layer key generation (PKG) has become a research focus as it solves the key distribution problem, which is difficult in traditional cryptographic mechanisms. Information reconciliation is a critical process in PKG to obtain symmetric keys. Various reconciliation schemes have been proposed, including the error detection protocol-based approach (EDPA) and error correction code-based approach (ECCA). Both EDPA and ECCA have advantages and drawbacks, regarding information leakage, interaction delay, and computation complexity. In this paper, we choose the BBBSS protocol from EDPA and BCH code from ECCA as a case study, analyzing their comprehensive efficiency performance versus pass number and bit disagreement ratio (BDR), respectively. Next, we integrate the strength of the two to design a new hybrid information reconciliation protocol (HIRP). The design of HIRP consists of three main phases, i.e., training, table lookup, and testing. To comprehensively evaluate the reconciliation schemes, we propose a novel efficiency metric to achieve a balance of corrected bits, information leakage, time delay, and computation time, which represents the effectively corrected bits per unit time. The simulation results show that our proposed method outperforms other reconciliation schemes to improve the comprehensive reconciliation efficiency. The average improvement in efficiency is 2.48 and 22.36 times over the BBBSS and BCH code, respectively, when the range of the BDR is from 0.5% to 11.5%. Compared to the BBBSS protocol and the BCH code, HIRP lies at a mid-level in terms of information leakage and computation time cost. Besides, with the lowest time delay cost, HIRP reaches the highest reconciliation efficiency. Entropy 2019, 21, 688 2 of 17Recently, physical layer key generation (PKG) has been emerging as a supplement to the upper layer key distribution method [2]. The underlying idea of it lies in the use of channel reciprocity and the uncertainty of multipath characteristics to encrypt the transmitted information in order to solve the problem of symmetric secret key distribution [3,4]. Besides, the spatial variation prevents eavesdroppers from observing the same randomness as legitimate users, for a sufficiently large distance between them.Although the uplink and downlink channels are reciprocal, measurements of radio channels are not the same, due to the differences originating from additive noise, transceiver hardware, and time delay in time division duplex (TDD) systems [5]. However, the objective of PKG is to generate a pair of strict identical symmetric keys. Even one bit of difference would lead to decryption failure due to the avalanche effect. To address this issue, information reconciliation is exploited to detect and correct errors in the preliminary key material between the two communicating parties [6].Several information reconciliation approaches have been proposed in previous work. Generally, these approaches can be classified into two categories, i.e., error detection protocol-based approaches (EDPAs...

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“…The contribution of principal component analysis is also investigated in [53] where theory and Monte Carlo simulations agreed on considering PCA a better pre-processing method than discrete cosine transform (DCT) and wavelet transform (WT), regarding its ability to achieve a higher generation rate. Authors also extended their previous work [50] by contrasting two versions of PCA 640 based on private and common eigenvectors.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical characteristics of wireless communication channels for secret key establishment: A survey of the research

Bottarelli

Epiphaniou

Ismail

et al. 2018

Computers & Security

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Physical layer security protocols have recently been deployed in the context of Wireless communications. These are derived from the intrinsic characteristics of the communication media for key generation, sharing and randomness extraction. These protocols always seek to exhibit both low computational complexity and energy efficiency, whilst also maintain unconditionally secure communications. We present herein, a comprehensive literature review of existing "state-of-the-art" quantisation schemes for physical layer security, with a strong emphasis upon key performance metrics and intrinsic channel characteristics. Our survey seeks not only to concentrate upon the most common quantisation methods, hence their efficiency during key generation; but also crucially, describes the inherent trade-offs as between these standardised metrics. The exact way(s) in which these metrics are duly influenced by quantisation schemes is also discussed, by means of a comprehensive critical narrative of both existing and future developments in the field.

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High-Agreement Uncorrelated Secret Key Generation Based on Principal Component Analysis Preprocessing

Cited by 108 publications

References 33 publications

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

A Hybrid Information Reconciliation Method for Physical Layer Key Generation

Physical characteristics of wireless communication channels for secret key establishment: A survey of the research

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