High Altitude Residence During Pregnancy Alters Cytokine and Catecholamine Levels

Coussons-Read, Mary; Mazzeo, Robert S.; Whitford, Margaret H.; Schmitt, Mischel P; Moore, Lorna G.; Zamudio, Stacy

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.01078.x

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…We also observed higher Placental growth factor (PlGF) levels at HA than LA by week 20 (Davila 2010, personal communication). Such findings are consistent with the hypothesized 2-stage model in which hypoxia is postulated to exert a stimulatory effect on angiogenic factors early in pregnancy,13 followed by reductions in the levels of such substances. These effects may influence the likelihood of reduced fetal growth 25…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Some reports describe higher IL-6 and TNF-α levels by mid-pregnancy,10 whereas others find that increases in IL-6 were complete after the first trimester and an absence of subsequent changes in IL-4, IL-10, or TNF-α 11. Chronic and acute hypoxia are also known to alter the levels of circulating cytokines both in the nonpregnant12 and in the pregnant condition,13 and to increase the frequency of the pregnancy complications of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and PE. Suggesting that alterations in cytokines might be involved in FGR associated with high-altitude (HA) residence, women living at 3100 versus 1600 m in Colorado had higher proinflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α) relative to anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines during the second and third trimesters 13…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do Cytokines Contribute to the Andean-Associated Protection From Reduced Fetal Growth at High Altitude?

et al. 2011

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Pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokine balance is important for successful pregnancy. Chronic hypoxia alters cytokine levels and increases the frequency of fetal growth restriction (FGR). Multigenerational Andean (AND) versus shorter duration European (EUR) high-altitude (HA) residents are protected from altitude-associated FGR. To address whether ancestry group differences in cytokine levels were involved, we conducted serial studies in 56 low-altitude ([LA]; 400 m; n = 29 AND and n = 27 EUR) and 42 HA residents (3600-4100 m; n = 19 ANDs and n = 23 EURs). Pregnancy raised pro- (interleukin 1β [IL-1β]) and anti- (IL-10) inflammatory cytokines and HA lowered IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) near term. There were no ancestry group differences in cytokine levels at any time, but HA reduced IL-1β in ANDs only near term. Higher IL-1β levels correlated with uterine artery (UA) blood flow at 20 weeks in ANDs at HA, suggesting that IL-1β may play a role in AND protection from altitude-associated reductions in fetal growth.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Cytokines Contribute to the Andean-Associated Protection From Reduced Fetal Growth at High Altitude?

et al. 2011

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“…Previously we found higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor relative to the anti-inflammatory IL-10 at 3100 than 1600 m in Colorado (Coussons-Read et al, 2002). To determine if differences in inflammatory response contributed to Andean protection from altitude-associated reductions in fetal growth, we compared pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in pregnant Andean and Bolivian women at low and high altitude (Davila et al, 2011).…”

Section: 0 Placental Factors Influencing Fetal Growthmentioning

confidence: 95%

Humans at high altitude: Hypoxia and fetal growth

Moore

Charles

Julian

2011

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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High-altitude studies offer insight into the evolutionary processes and physiological mechanisms affecting the early phases of the human lifespan. Chronic hypoxia slows fetal growth and reduces the pregnancy-associated rise in uterine artery (UA) blood flow. Multigenerational vs. shorter-term high-altitude residents are protected from the altitude-associated reductions in UA flow and fetal growth. Presently unknown is whether this fetal-growth protection is due to the greater delivery or metabolism of oxygen, glucose or other substrates or to other considerations such as mechanical factors protecting fragile fetal villi, the creation of a reserve protecting against ischemia/reperfusion injury, or improved placental O2 transfer as the result of narrowing the A-V O2 difference and raising uterine PvO2. Placental growth and development appear to be normal or modified at high altitude in ways likely to benefit diffusion. Much remains to be learned concerning the effects of chronic hypoxia on embryonic development. Further research is required for identifying the fetoplacental and maternal mechanisms responsible for transforming the maternal vasculature and regulating UA blood flow and fetal growth. Genomic as well as epigenetic studies are opening new avenues of investigation that can yield insights into the basic pathways and evolutionary processes involved.

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“…The overall profile of cytokine production during pregnancy at high altitude is increased by sympatho-adrenal activation secondary to the interaction of hypoxia and pregnancy (11). It was reported that maternal circulating concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were elevated late in normal pregnancy in women residing at high altitude compared to nonpregnant women (9). The interaction between the inflammatory cytokines and the vasoactive mediators has been investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of high altitude on endothelial and vascular dysfunction markers in preeclamptic patients

So¹,

Suekit²,

Ao³

et al. 2015

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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Placental hypoxia, a major component of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, is associated with various maternal vascular and endothelial dysfunctions. The higher incidence of preeclampsia at high altitude remains incompletely explained. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high altitude on some endothelial and vascular dysfunction markers in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Eighty pregnant women (Paras 2-4) were enrolled in this study, which included four groups (each n = 20): normal pregnancies at low altitude (NL), normal pregnancies at high altitude (NH), preeclamptic pregnancies at low altitude (PL), and preeclamptic pregnancies at high altitude (PH). In normal pregnancies at high altitude serum ET-1, plasma TXA 2 , and serum TNF-α levels increased significantly with a significant reduction in plasma PGI 2 (66.81 ± 7.36, 122.86 ± 13.37, 102.23 ± 13.31, 191.57 ± 19.68, respectively) compared with the NL group (48.92 ± 4.58, 89.03 ± 10.67, 69.86 ± 7.97, 238.01 ± 24.55, respectively). In preeclampsia at low altitude serum ET-1, plasma TXA 2 , and serum TNF-α levels increased significantly with a significant reduction in plasma PGI 2 (88.39 ± 9.54, 162.73 ± 15.92, 142.39 ± 15.37, 149.155 ± 15.66, respectively) compared with both NL and NH groups. High altitude significantly augmented these changes in preeclamptic patients (117.75 ± 12.96, 211.01 ± 22.69, 196.86 ± 17.64, 111.92 ± 10.74) compared with PL, NH and NL groups. In conclusion hypoxia at high altitude aggravated the disturbances in the levels of ET-1, TXA 2 , PGI 2 and TNF-α associated with preeclampsia. This may contribute to the higher risk of preeclampsia at high altitude.

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High Altitude Residence During Pregnancy Alters Cytokine and Catecholamine Levels

Cited by 31 publications

References 69 publications

Do Cytokines Contribute to the Andean-Associated Protection From Reduced Fetal Growth at High Altitude?

Do Cytokines Contribute to the Andean-Associated Protection From Reduced Fetal Growth at High Altitude?

Humans at high altitude: Hypoxia and fetal growth

The effect of high altitude on endothelial and vascular dysfunction markers in preeclamptic patients

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