High cervical stress and apnoea

Adverse Events Due to Chiropractic and Other Manual Therapies for Infants and Children: A Review of the Literature

“…49 In addition to the 15 serious events that have been reported, there have been 775 mild to moderate adverse events. This includes 604 cases of crying, soreness, or transient headache, 16 30 and 87 cases of short lasting (seconds) marked bradycardia, in infants after SMT to the upper cervical spine in otherwise healthy children from medical manipulators. 31 These responses to manual medical therapy were recorded as part of an experiment in a hospital setting, and further investigation of this potentially serious physiological phenomenon in infants less than 3 months of age is warranted.…”

“…Adverse events were defined as mild (transient effects lasting b 24 hours, eg, crying or discomfort), moderate (requiring medical/general practitioner treatment), or severe (requiring hospital treatment) 16 39 Wilson et al, 41 Zimmerman et al, 52 Humphreys, 21 Alcantara et al, 25,[35][36][37][38] Posadzki and Ernst, 24 Simonian and Staheli, 43 53 Ziv et al, 54 Jacobi et al, 46 L'Ecuyer, 55 Klougart et al, 51 Rageot, 47 40 Miller and Benfield, 26 Doyle, 44 Holla et al, 42 Hayes and Bezilla, 27 Hayden et al, 28 Dobson et al, 22 Pohlman and Holton-Brown, 23 Sawyer et al, 29 Koch et al, 30,31 Bronfort et al, 34 Philippi et al, 32 Rowe et al 33 Manual search of reference lists revealed additional 6 articles: Wiberg et al, 59 Straub et al, 60 Sandell et al, 61 Balon and Aker, 62 Khorshid et al, 63 …”

Visceral responses to spinal manipulation

“…A small study with only five subjects in the intervention group also referred to increases in FVC and FEV-1 with manipulation (Engel and Vemulpad, 2007), but did not report the data on which these results were apparently based. The existing literature therefore is essentially phenomenological and provides little meaningful data about the effects of spinal manipulation on respiratory function in humans (but see, for example, Koch et al, 1998). …”

Forces of Commonly Used Chiropractic Techniques for Children: A Review of the Literature

“…This search identified 2 articles by Marchand,15,16 which when references were hand searched yielded 3 more articles, by Koch et al 17,18 and Snodgrass et al 19 Searching of the literature using technique-specific search terms resulted in the inclusion of a further 4 studies 16,20-22 and 1 textbook source, 23 with an additional in-press journal article yielding direct contact with the author 24 (Table 1).…”