High-density Au nanorod optical field-emitter arrays

Hobbs, Richard G.; Yang, Yujia; Keathley, Phillip D.; Swanwick, Michael; Velásquez–García, Luis Fernando; Kärtner, Franz X.; Graves, W.; Berggren, Karl K.

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/25/46/465304

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Further channel‐closing leads to a pronounced decrease in the nonlinearity of the photoemission—compared with that in the multiphoton regime, the photoemission current in this regime shows a relatively low order of the power law (power order n ≈ 1) of the laser intensity . Such a phenomenon has also been observed at arrays of n‐doped Si tips (800 nm), Au nanoarrays (800 nm), Au nanoarray devices, and CNTs (800 nm, 400 nm) …”

Section: State‐of‐the‐art Ultrafast Field‐emission Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Ultrafast Field‐Emission Electron Sources Based on Nanomaterials

et al. 2019

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The search for electron sources with simultaneous optimal spatial and temporal resolution has become an area of intense activity for a wide variety of applications in the emerging fields of lightwave electronics and attosecond science. Most recently, increasing efforts are focused on the investigation of ultrafast field-emission phenomena of nanomaterials, which not only are fascinating from a fundamental scientific point of view, but also are of interest for a range of potential applications. Here, the current state-of-the-art in ultrafast field-emission, particularly sub-optical-cycle field emission, based on various nanostructures (e.g., metallic nanotips, carbon nanotubes) is reviewed. A number of promising nanomaterials and possible future research directions are also established.

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Section: State‐of‐the‐art Ultrafast Field‐emission Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Ultrafast Field‐Emission Electron Sources Based on Nanomaterials

et al. 2019

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“…When a laser pulse illuminates a metallic nanoparticle, the incident field can resonantly drive collective oscillations of the particle's conduction electrons 23,24 . These localized surface plasmon resonances yield dramatically enhanced local fields, and similar to nanotips, metallic nanoparticles have shown strong-field behaviours in their photoemission currents and energy spectra 9,12,13,[16][17][18] . Here, we report the first measurements of CEP-sensitive, strongfield photoemission from metallic nanoparticles.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…For instance, when an intense laser pulse interacts with an atomic gas, individual cycles of the incident electric field ionize gas atoms and steer the resulting attosecond-duration electrical wavepackets 1,2 . Such field-controlled light-matter interactions form the basis of attosecond science and have recently expanded from gases to solid-state nanostructures [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . Here, we extend these field-controlled interactions to metallic nanoparticles supporting localized surface plasmon resonances.…”

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confidence: 99%

Optical-field-controlled photoemission from plasmonic nanoparticles

et al. 2016

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At high intensities, light-matter interactions are controlled by the electric field of the exciting light. For instance, when an intense laser pulse interacts with an atomic gas, individual cycles of the incident electric field ionize gas atoms and steer the resulting attosecond-duration electrical wavepackets 1,2 . Such field-controlled light-matter interactions form the basis of attosecond science and have recently expanded from gases to solid-state nanostructures [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . Here, we extend these field-controlled interactions to metallic nanoparticles supporting localized surface plasmon resonances. We demonstrate strong-field, carrier-envelope-phase-sensitive photoemission from arrays of tailored metallic nanoparticles, and we show the influence of the nanoparticle geometry and the plasmon resonance on the phase-sensitive response. Additionally, from a technological standpoint, we push strong-field light-matter interactions to the chip scale. We integrate our plasmonic nanoparticles and experimental geometry in compact, microoptoelectronic devices that operate out of vacuum and under ambient conditions.Moving from low to high optical intensity, photoemission goes from photon-driven to field-controlled. Consider illuminating a metallic surface with an infrared femtosecond laser pulse with electric field F(t) = F 0 A(t) cos(ωt + ϕ), where F 0 is the peak field, A(t) is the normalized pulse envelope, ω is the carrier frequency, and ϕ is the carrier-envelope phase (CEP). When the pulse interacts with the metallic surface, electrons are excited out of the metal and into the surrounding vacuum. At typical incident intensities, this photoemission process is photon-driven: emission is dictated by the pulse's photon energy, that is, ω, and photon flux, that is, the pulse's intensity envelope ∝ |F 0 A(t)| 2 . At high intensities, this photoemission process resembles field-controlled tunnelling. The strong electric field of the pulse deflects the binding potential of the metallic surface and drives electron tunnelling through the distorted barrier. This tunnelling occurs over a timescale τ t = √ 2mW F /eF 0 , where W F is the workfunction of the surface, m is the electron mass, and e is its charge 19,20 . With sufficiently strong F 0 , τ t becomes shorter than the characteristic cycle time of the exciting laser light (τ t < τ cyc = 1/ω), and individual cycles of the driving electric field eject subcycle electrical bursts from the metal and steer these ultrafast currents through the surrounding vacuum 6,8 ; in this strongfield regime, photoemission is controlled by the driving optical electric field and, accordingly, by the CEP, ϕ.In recent years, metallic nanotips have emerged as platforms to non-destructively investigate photoemission in the strong-field regime. When a nanotip is illuminated by a femtosecond laser pulse, the incident field is locally enhanced at the apex of the tip. Due primarily to the tip's sharp geometry, the field enhancement is typically <10, and th...

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“…High-resolution electron-beam lithography (EBL), which we 4 define as an electron-beam lithography process capable of patterning features with sub-10-nm critical dimensions, fulfills such criteria and enables the fabrication of sub-20-nm nanostructures on a variety of substrates for device integration. [44][45][46][47][48] Our recent ability to nanofabricate structures at the sub-10-nm length scale 44,45,47,[49][50][51] suddenly presents the prospect of lithographically engineering structures for the modification of VP resonances, while simultaneously enabling the development of high-energy SPs. VPs constitute one of the major energy-loss avenues for charged-particle beams in matter.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-Energy Surface and Volume Plasmons in Nanopatterned Sub-10 nm Aluminum Nanostructures

et al. 2016

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In this work, we use electron energy-loss spectroscopy to map the complete plasmonic spectrum of aluminum nanodisks with diameters ranging from 3 nm to 120 nm fabricated by highresolution electron-beam lithography. Our nanopatterning approach allows us to produce localized surface plasmon resonances across a wide spectral range spanning 2-8 eV.Electromagnetic simulations using the finite element method support the existence of dipolar, quadrupolar and hexapolar surface plasmon modes as well as centrosymmetric breathing modes depending on the location of the electron-beam excitation. In addition, we have developed an approach using nanolithography that is capable of meV control over the energy and attosecond control over the lifetime of volume plasmons in these nanodisks. The precise measurement of volume plasmon lifetime may also provide an opportunity to probe and control the DC electrical conductivity of highly confined metallic nanostructures. Lastly, we show the strong influence of the nanodisk boundary in determining both the energy and lifetime of surface plasmons and volume plasmons locally across individual aluminum nanodisks, and we have compared these observations to similar effects produced by scaling the nanodisk diameter.High-energy plasmonic nanostructures resonant in the ultraviolet (UV) to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region of the spectrum offer routes to channel high-energy radiation into nanoscale volumes thus supporting enhancement of high-energy photochemical reaction pathways at targeted nanoscale locations. Plasmonic nanoparticles resonant at visible and near-infrared frequencies have been used to direct electromagnetic radiation into sub-wavelength volumes known as 'hot spots', lending these nanoparticles to applications in nanoengineered devices for spectroscopy, 1-4 catalysis, 5,6 photodetectors, 7,8 sensors, 9-11 optoelectronics, 12,13 nano-optics, [14][15][16] photocathodes 17-19 and energy harvesting. 20,21 Consequently, high-energy plasmonic nanoparticles may provide a route to extend the spectral range of these applications into the VUV, an energy range where simple gas-phase molecules such as CO, O 2 and H 2 O have electronic absorption bands 22,23 and work functions in solids can be overcome producing reactive photoelectrons.Plasmons in materials take one of two forms: (1) volume plasmons (VPs), which are high-energy longitudinal oscillations of conduction and valence band electrons that propagate through the bulk of a material; and (2) interface plasmons, which are collective oscillations of free electrons at an interface. When an interface plasmon occurs at the surface of a material it is referred to as a surface plasmon (SP). SPs can adopt multiple forms, those being surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), which are propagating SPs that exist at the interface between a metal and a dielectric, and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) that exist on sub-wavelength metallic nanoparticles.Controlled engineering of LSPRs and VPs with energies greater than 5 eV has been limited to dat...

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High-density Au nanorod optical field-emitter arrays

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Ultrafast Field‐Emission Electron Sources Based on Nanomaterials

Ultrafast Field‐Emission Electron Sources Based on Nanomaterials

Optical-field-controlled photoemission from plasmonic nanoparticles

High-Energy Surface and Volume Plasmons in Nanopatterned Sub-10 nm Aluminum Nanostructures

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