High density lipoprotein cholesterol: an evolving target of therapy in the management of cardiovascular disease

Abstract

Since the pioneering work of John Gofman in the 1950s, our understanding of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and its relationship to coronary heart disease (CHD) has grown substantially. Numerous clinical trials since the Framingham Study in 1977 have demonstrated an inverse relationship between HDL-C and one's risk of developing CHD. Over the past two decades, preclinical research has gained further insight into the nature of HDL-C metabolism, specifi cally regarding the ability of HDL-C to promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Recent attempts to harness HDL's ability to enhance RCT have revealed the complexity of HDL-C metabolism. This review provides a detailed update on HDL-C as an evolving therapeutic target in the management of cardiovascular disease.

Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 7: A one-month, randomized, ambulatory, controlled clinical study in Poland

“…The HDL increase observed in this study was similar to that reported in previous studies in both time and magnitude (Hatsukami et al, 2005). The rise of HDL levels of 5 mg/dL (approximately 8%) for the EHCSS-K6 group in the present study is within the reported 5-15% range typically reported with the use of statins for reducing CVD risk (Kapur et al, 2008). This increase may represent a beneficial shift, since there is evidence to support a 2% decrease in CVD risk for every 1 mg/dL increase in HDL levels (Kapur et al, 2008).…”

“…The rise of HDL levels of 5 mg/dL (approximately 8%) for the EHCSS-K6 group in the present study is within the reported 5-15% range typically reported with the use of statins for reducing CVD risk (Kapur et al, 2008). This increase may represent a beneficial shift, since there is evidence to support a 2% decrease in CVD risk for every 1 mg/dL increase in HDL levels (Kapur et al, 2008). These results support previous findings that switching from CC to smoke an EHCSS may alter lipid profiles in a favorable manner even when smokers increased the number of cigarettes smoked (Roethig et al, 2008).…”

Dan-Qi prescription ameliorates insulin resistance through overall corrective regulation of glucose and fat metabolism

“…5A). The increase of metabolic gene expression has strong indication of anti-diabetic effects (Kapur et al, 2008). Meanwhile, after Danshen gavage, the expression of FAS was reduced by $65%, the expression of UCP-1, and UCP-2 increased 2-3 fold, strongly indicating decrease of fatty acid synthesis and increase of fatty acid oxidation.…”

“…Hyperlipidemia, characterized by high levels TG and TC in blood (Table 1), contributes to the development of IR and type II diabetes (Tang et al, 2011) Danshen alone slightly decrease TC, LDL-C and TG without significant difference (Table 1). Danshen significantly increase HDL-C, the "good cholesterol" which lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Kapur et al, 2008;Elshourbagy et al, 2014) In contrast, Sanqi alone significantly decreased serum TG levels, without significant effects on TC, LDL-C and HDL-C (Table 1). These data indicated that Danshen and Sanqi have different function on sugar and lipid metabolism.…”

“…Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a very important member of nuclear receptor family, which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism (Kapur et al, 2008;Kapur et al, 2008) Danshen treatment significantly increased PPARγ and its target genes, LPL and adiponectin, while Sanqi inhibited PPARγ and adiponectin, slightly increased LPL. However, combination of Danshen and Sanqi, enhanced the expression of PPARγ, adiponectin and LPL (Fig.…”