High dietary menaquinone intake is associated with reduced coronary calcification

Beulens, Joline W.J.; Bots, Michiel L.; Atsma, Femke; Bartelink, M. L.; Prokop, Mathias; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Witteman, Jacqueline C. M.; Grobbee, Diederick E.; Schouw, Yvonne T. van der

doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.07.010

Cited by 227 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…An antibody directed against the nonphosphorylated sequence 3 to 15 in human MGP is used as capture antibody, whereas the antibody directed against the noncarboxylated sequence 35 to 49 is used as a detection antibody (VitaK BV, Maastricht, the Netherlands). The synthetic peptide dpMGP [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] -(AADO)-ucMGP [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] was used as a standard. The intraassay and interassay variability values were 5.6% and 9.9%, respectively.…”

Section: Laboratory Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Circulating Inactive Form of Matrix Gla Protein Is a Surrogate Marker for Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease

Schurgers¹,

Barreto²,

Barreto³

et al. 2010

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

269

245

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Background and objectives: Vitamin K-dependent matrix Gla protein (MGP) acts as a calcification inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. The present study was performed to (1) determine plasma levels of the inactive, dephosphorylated, uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP) in a cohort of patients at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and (2) evaluate the association between dp-ucMGP levels on one hand and aortic calcification and mortality on the other.Design, setting, participants, & measurements: 107 patients (67 ؎ 13 years; 60% male; 32% at CKD stages 2 to 3, 31% at stages 4 to 5, 37% at stage 5D) were assayed for dp-ucMGP and underwent multislice spiral computed tomography scans to quantify aortic calcification at baseline. They were prospectively monitored for mortality.Results: Plasma dp-ucMGP levels augmented progressively with CKD stage, with a significant difference from CKD stage 4. CKD stage, hemoglobin, age, and coumarin use were independently associated with plasma dp-ucMGP levels. Furthermore, plasma dp-ucMGP and age were positively and independently associated with the aortic calcification score. During follow-up (802 ؎ 311 days), 34 patients died (20 from cardiovascular events). In a crude analysis, [plasma dp-ucMGP] > 921 pM was associated with overall mortality; this association was lost after adjusting for both age and the calculated propensity score.Conclusions: Plasma dp-ucMGP increased progressively in a CKD setting and was associated with the severity of aortic calcification. Plasma dp-ucMGP could thus be a surrogate marker for vascular calcification in CKD.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 568 -575, 2010. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07081009 C ardiovascular diseases account for 50% of all deaths in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) setting (1). Vascular calcification (VC) in the media-intimal arterial layers contributes significantly to the greater mortality in this population (2,3). In fact, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that patients suffering from advanced CKD present VC to a greater extent than individuals with normal renal function (4 -7). Although many factors may influence the occurrence and progression of this condition, the fact that 20% to 40% of the patients in most CKD cohorts (8 -10) do not develop detectable VC (despite exposure to well-known environmental triggers, such as uremia, diabetes, and hyperphosphatemia) suggests that naturally occurring VC inhibitors have an important role in preventing this disease process.Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a 10-kD protein secreted by chondrocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in the arterial media (11). It is the first protein known to act as a calcification inhibitor in vivo (12)(13)(14), probably by directly inhibiting calcium precipitation and crystallization in the vessel wall (15) and antagonizing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (which regulates osteoblast differentiation, and thus bone formation (16)). In particular, MGP only exerts its anticalcification activity after posttranslational ␥-glutamyl carboxylation of five glutamate residues-a crucial ac...

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Section: Laboratory Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Circulating Inactive Form of Matrix Gla Protein Is a Surrogate Marker for Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease

Schurgers¹,

Barreto²,

Barreto³

et al. 2010

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

269

245

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“…Vitamin K2's biological role is to help move calcium into the proper areas in your body, such as your bones and teeth. It also plays a role in removing calcium from areas where it shouldn't be, such as in your arteries and soft tissues [13].…”

Section: Vitamin K2 the "New Kid On The Block"mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two main forms of the vitamin. Phylloquinone (K1) is found in leafy green plants and menaquinone (K2) is found in animal meat and fermented foods [13].…”

Section: Vitamin K2 the "New Kid On The Block"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non Typical Risk Factors in Atherosclerosis and Coronary Disease. It Is Time to Open the Box and Look Outside

Viana¹

2017

JCTCD

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Since Framingham we are assuming that age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and family history are the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease, stroke and atherosclerosis. In spite of aggressive strategies, medication for cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension, and low fat diet approach, the incidence of cardiovascular disease is on the rise in western countries. Moreover, life expectancy in the USA is for the first time falling down in the last decades. Alternative approaches has claim the importance of heavy metals chronic exposure, lack of Vitamin C and Vitamin K, periodontal disease and stress as fundamental risk factors and coadjutants for atherosclerosis. Some of these so called atypical factors are described in this article. 2

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“…The few studies of vitamin K intake generally show no association of phylloquinone intake and the CAC score, CAC progression or abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) presence [24][25][26][27][28][29] , although in postmenopausal women, a higher intake of MK4 (48.5mcg/d vs 18mcg/d), but not other menaquinones, was associated with a lower CAC score 24 and was inversely associated with severe AAC (28.8mcg/d vs 25.6mcg/d) 25 but some studies show no association between menaquinone intake and CAC presence 28 . Similarly, a systematic review showed that there was a significant inverse association between incidence of CHD and intake of menaquinone, but not phylloquinone 30 , while later studies indicate that phylloquinone intake is significantly lower in those at high CV risk 31 .…”

Section: Calcificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Calcification and Bone: A Comparison of the Effects of Dietary and Serum Vitamin K and its Dependent Proteins

Nicoll¹,

Howard²,

Henein³

2015

ICFJ

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This review compares the effect of vitamin K on cardiovascular (CV) calcification and bone health and shows that, in principal, the γ-carboxylation of the vitamin K-dependent proteins matrix Gla protein (MGP) and its bone equivalent osteocalcin (OC), generally ensures that hydroxyapatite is kept out of the CV system and is deposited in bone. This is an important finding, since there is currently no reliable treatment for CV calcification.Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) may be more effective in the arteries, while vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is more active in bone. Nevertheless, there remains considerable uncertainty over the precise scope of the functions of MGP and OC, and their carboxylated and under-carboxylated forms, as well as the newly discovered vitamin K-dependent proteins. Although a diet high in vegetables could deliver adequate phylloquinone, supplementation of menaquinone may be necessary for those at risk of CV calcification. Several animal studies and one human study have demonstrated that arterial calcification could be reduced with vitamin K supplementation and there are further trials in progress. Patients on warfarin are particularly prone to CV calcification but there has been concern that supplementation would either counter warfarin treatment or destabilise INR. In fact, studies suggest that low dose phylloquinone did not increase coagulation and may improve the stability of anticoagulant therapy. Furthermore, use of oral anticoagulants which do not affect vitamin K metabolism, such as ximelagatran, could be used when there is a need for vitamin K supplementation for artery or bone health.

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High dietary menaquinone intake is associated with reduced coronary calcification

Cited by 227 publications

References 33 publications

The Circulating Inactive Form of Matrix Gla Protein Is a Surrogate Marker for Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease

The Circulating Inactive Form of Matrix Gla Protein Is a Surrogate Marker for Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease

Non Typical Risk Factors in Atherosclerosis and Coronary Disease. It Is Time to Open the Box and Look Outside

Cardiovascular Calcification and Bone: A Comparison of the Effects of Dietary and Serum Vitamin K and its Dependent Proteins

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