“…To detect the potential associations between two sample data, the Hilbert-Schmidt independence criterion (HSIC) is widely used in many applications, such as clustering (He et al, 2017;Niu et al, 2013;Song et al, 2007), time series (Peters et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2021;Yamada et al, 2013) and feature screening (Balasubramanian et al, 2013;Freidling et al, 2021;He et al, 2023).…”