“…The common link between all these approaches is the use of the spiral phase transform, which is used to factorize cryo-EM maps into amplitude and phase terms in real space for different resolutions. The spiral phase transform has been extensively used in optics for phase extraction in interferometry (Larkin, Bone et al 2001, Antonio Quiroga and Servin 2003, Vargas, Restrepo et al 2011, Vargas, Quiroga et al 2012 or by Shack-Hartmann sensors (Vargas, González-Fernandez et al 2010, Vargas, Restrepo et al 2012). This transformation is not new in cryo-EM as it has been proposed previously to facilitate particle screening (Vargas, Abrishami et al 2013), CTF estimation (Vargas, Oton et al 2013) and local and directional resolution determination (Vilas, Gomez-Blanco et al 2018, Vilas, Tagare et al 2020.…”