High-Efficiency and Low-NOx Hydrogen Combustion by High Pressure Direct Injection

Tanno, Shiro; Ito, Yasushi; Michikawauchi, Ryo; Nakamura, Mikio; Tomita, Hirokuni

doi:10.4271/2010-01-2173

Cited by 40 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A study on a multi-cylinder engine modified for single-cylinder hydrogen operation concluded that stratified and diffusive combustion showed a 3 % improvement in engine efficiency compared to homogeneous combustion with conventional flame propagation. The same study also suggests that engine efficiencies beyond 45 % are achievable with optimized injection equipment, charging strategy and valve timing [35]. Since no carbon is present in hydrogen the risk of particulate formation due to the non-premixed combustion is eliminated.…”

Section: Diesel-like Hydrogen Operationmentioning

confidence: 81%

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Electricity Powering Combustion: Hydrogen Engines

et al. 2012

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Abstract-Hydrogen is a means to chemically store energy. It can be used to buffer energy in a society increasingly relying on renewable but intermittent energy or as an energy vector for sustainable transportation. It is also attractive for its potential to power vehicles with (near-) zero tailpipe emissions. The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier for transport applications is mostly associated with fuel cells. However, hydrogen can also be used in an internal combustion engine (ICE). When converted to or designed for hydrogen operation, an ICE can attain high power output, high efficiency and ultra low emissions. Also, because of the possibility of bi-fuel operation, the hydrogen engine can act as an accelerator for building up a hydrogen infrastructure. The properties of hydrogen are quite different from the presently used hydrocarbon fuels, which is reflected in the design and operation of a hydrogen fueled ICE (H 2 ICE). These characteristics also result in more flexibility in engine control strategies and thus more routes for engine optimization. This article describes the most characteristic features of H 2 ICEs, the current state of H 2 ICE research and demonstration, and the future prospects.

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Section: Diesel-like Hydrogen Operationmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The increase in efficiency is also due to a reduction of heat losses to the cylinder walls. Finally, when combining DI combustion with EGR, even higher efficiencies and lower NO X emissions are possible [35].…”

Section: B Hydrogen Direct Injectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electricity Powering Combustion: Hydrogen Engines

et al. 2012

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“…A similar engine concept using a diesel-like combustion chamber but with a spark plug mounted near the injector nozzle has been studied by Tanno et al [30]. The engine concept used a hydraulically actuated injector which was centrally located in the combustion chamber in order to aim multiple hydrogen jets into a ω-shaped piston bowl.…”

Section: Realizing Ideal Mixture Stratificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jet penetration is dictated by injector nozzle design and injection pressure (in this case the injector is rated to 300 bar). Using injection pressure to control mixture stratification, an injection pressure of 100 bar allowed the engine to operate with a peak ITE of 52% at 2000 rpm, 2.5 bar IMEP [30]. Using 100 bar injection pressure limited the amount of fuel that could be delivered because injection was taking place near TDC thus the engine was limited to low load in this case.…”

Section: Realizing Ideal Mixture Stratificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the Progress of Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines

Verhelst

Demuynck

Sierens

et al. 2013

Renewable Hydrogen Technologies

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This chapter provides an overview on the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines. First, pros and cons are discussed for using hydrogen to fuel internal combustion engines versus fuel cells. Then, the properties of hydrogen pertinent to engine operation are briefly reviewed, after which the present state-of-the-art of hydrogen engines is discussed.Ongoing research efforts are highlighted next, which primarily aim at maximizing engine efficiency throughout the load range, while keeping emissions at ultra-low levels. Finally, the challenges for reaching these goals and translating lab results to production are discussed. KeywordsHydrogen, internal combustion engine, efficiency, port fuel injection, direct injection, transportation, vehicles, sustainable Introduction H 2 -ICE vs. fuel cellThe interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier or buffer is explained in detail throughout this book. A lot of research effort has gone into the development of the hydrogen-fueled fuel cells for stationary or transport applications as also discussed elsewhere. Fuel cells are attractive for their high efficiency potential throughout the load range with their high efficiency at part Page 2 load operation being of particular interest to transportation applications. Furthermore, they are relatively quiet and only emit water vapor as the reaction product. Much less attention has been devoted to internal combustion engines (ICEs) using hydrogen as fuel. The ICE is often readily dismissed as a future prime mover, for its low efficiency (particularly at part load), and pollutant emissions. However, as discussed in this chapter, because of hydrogen's unique properties, it is possible to substantially increase the ICE's efficiency when operated on hydrogen. When using high temperature oxidation of fuel to produce power, i.e. combustion, the formation of oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO 2 , collectively termed NO X ) is possible, which is a disadvantage compared to the low temperature oxidation in fuel cells.Again, the unique properties of hydrogen allow the emission of NO X to be ultra-low if adequate measures are taken, as explained below.More importantly, ICEs have the very interesting feature of being able to operate on different fuels. This "flex-fuel" ability is an advantage for introducing hydrogen vehicles to the marketplace. First, this can assist with the gradual build-up of a hydrogen fueling infrastructure, and secondly, this can alleviate the on-board storage challenge, with a second fuel (e.g. gasoline) essentially serving as a "range extender". The much lower cost of a hydrogen-fueled ICE compared to a fuel cell is another advantage that can help with setting up demonstration fleets etc., with the HyNor project vehicle fleet being a prime example (see http://hynor.no). The lower cost not only applies to the ICE itself, but also to the fuel: the ICE can handle lower purity hydrogen without any problems.The hydrogen-fueled ICE has thus been recognized as being a compelling bridging technology to introduce h...

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“…Direct injection can be a beneficial method to utilize hydrogen in engines, as it effectively prevents backfire and increases the possibility of reaching a higher volumetric efficiency since it removes the low H 2 density restriction. There are a number of studies on hydrogen direct injection with experimental [7][8][9][10] and numerical approaches [11][12][13][14]. However, the application of hydrogen injection into noble gases as working fluids instead of air, which can enhance the thermal efficiency, is not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Heavy Working Fluids on Hydrogen Combustion

Shahsavan¹,

Mack²

2017

Preprint

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Abstract:The thermodynamic efficiency of internal combustion engines is dependent on the compression ratio and specific heat ratio of the working fluid. Using a mixture of oxygen and noble gases instead of air can increase the thermal efficiency due to their higher specific heat ratio. It also has advantage of eliminating NOx caused by lack of nitrogen. In this study, the three dimensional turbulent injection of hydrogen into a constant volume combustion chamber has been modeled and compared to mixtures of oxygen with nitrogen, argon and xenon. All conditions including the mass flow rate of the injected fuel, injection velocity, and initial temperature and pressure of the chamber were kept constant. The results indicate that the hydrogen jet has more penetration length in nitrogen compared to argon and xenon. However, the smaller penetration lengths lead to more complex jet shapes and larger cone angles. In combination with the higher specific heat ratio, combustion in a noble gas environment results in higher temperatures and OH radical concentrations. Furthermore, mixedness is investigated using mean spatial variation and mean scalar dissipation. Hydrogen in argon shows a better mixing rate compared to nitrogen and xenon due to higher diffusivity.

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High-Efficiency and Low-NOx Hydrogen Combustion by High Pressure Direct Injection

Cited by 40 publications

References 8 publications

Electricity Powering Combustion: Hydrogen Engines

Electricity Powering Combustion: Hydrogen Engines

Update on the Progress of Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines

The Effect of Heavy Working Fluids on Hydrogen Combustion

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