High‐Efficiency Non‐Toxic 2‐Terminal and 4‐Terminal Perovskite‐Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Tandem Solar Cells

Abstract

The modeling tool, SCAPS 1D, is applied to simulate a monolithic 2-T and mechanically stacked 4-T tandem solar device architectures with methyl ammonium germanium iodide (MAGeI 3 ) perovskite as the active layer of the top cell and transition metal dichalcogenide as the active layer of the bottom cell. To establish the requirement of current density matching between the two subcells of the monolithic 2-T configuration, a recombination layer composed of indium doped tin oxide (ITO) is also introduced. The thickness of the MAGeI 3 , TMD, and ITO are optimized to 950, 340, and 100 nm to achieve the current matching condition. The 2-T device configuration is able to establish a high fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 86.19% and 27.09% after optimizing the physical parameters of the layers. The 4-T mechanically stacked tandem architecture is also simulated using the SCAPS 1D tool and a maximum possible PCE of 35.11% is achieved after optimizing the physical parameters of the light captivating layers, viz. thickness, the number density of defects and dopants, and the operating conditions viz. temperature, parasitic resistances, and work function of the materials employed as rear contacts.

Highly efficient emerging Ag2BaTiSe4 solar cells using a new class of alkaline earth metal-based chalcogenide buffers alternative to CdS

“…Whereas, FF drastically decreases from 82.12 to 59.27%, 83.34 to 61.27%, 82.72 to 61.35%, 83.05 to 61.49%, and 82.99 to 60.96% in MgS, CaS, SrS, BaS and CdS-based solar cells respectively. The massive reduction in FF is attributed to the colossal power loss in the solar cells with increasing R S , which adversely affects their performance 121 . Thus, when R S is improved from 0.5 to 6 Ω cm 2 , PCE dramatically declined by ~ 7.5% in all the solar cells.…”

Charting New Horizons: Unrivalled Efficiency and Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The work function of metal at the rear electrode controls the performance of the cell by establishing an electric field and a potential difference across the device, which in turn enables the drift and diffusion of charge carriers toward the respective electrodes. [68,69] A modeling study on the device performance can provide information on the optimum parameters of the materials to be chosen during the fabrication of the device to extract maximum performance parameters from them. A broad spectrum of research has been done so far and a proper knowledge about the mechanism of carrier transport is still a major challenge in developing high-efficiency PSCs.…”

“…The bandgap of perovskite for top cell must have an optimum value between 1.7 and 1.9 eV while bottom cell should possess an absorber material with an optimum bandgap of 1.1 eV to exploit incident solar spectrum fully. [ 69 ] Hence, developments of TSC architecture completely rely on the investigation on suitable photon absorbers for two subcells of TSCs. The c‐Si possesses a bandgap of 1.1 eV and hence can be employed as a suitable absorber in bottom cell of TSC.…”

“…[78] A TSC configuration with MAGeI 3 as the top-cell absorber material and MoTe 2 as the bottom cell absorber material when modeled with SCAPS 1D exhibited a PCE of 27.09% and 35.11% for the 2-T and 4-T heterojunction configurations, respectively. [69] A 2-T TSC formed of MAPbI 3 perovskite Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (kesterite) as absorber layers for two subcells provided a PCE of 20%. [79] A 4-T solution-processed perovskite-kesterite TSC configuration yielded a PCE of 16.1%, which has the advantage of having low fabrication cost.…”

Over 32% Efficient All‐Inorganic Two‐Terminal CsPbI2Br/Si Tandem Solar Cells: A Numerical Investigation

“…[20] Although, there are still opportunities to improve the PCE of single-junction PSCs, an elegant solution, to achieve ultrahigh efficiency, is to use tandem structures that can, in theory, surpass the Shockley-Queisser (S-Q) limit in single-junction PSCs. [21] In a typical, monolithic two-terminal (2 T) perovskite-based tandem architecture, a wide-bandgap perovskite top cell, is series connected to a narrow-bandgap bottom cell via a recombination contact (interconnecting layer). [22][23][24] This allows incident light to be absorbed over a broader range of the solar spectrum, with the top subcell (large bandgap) absorbing high-energy photons (blue light) and the bottom subcell (small bandgap) absorbing low-energy (near infrared) photons, leading to reduced hot carrier thermalization losses and high PCE.…”