High efficiency TDM/WDM architectures for seismic reservoir monitoring

Nash, Phillip J.; Strudley, A.; Crickmore, R.; DeFreitas, J.

doi:10.1117/12.835391

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…The "TDM group" itself comprised a lab 4C sensor package along with a tunable attenuator to simulate a prescribed number of additional "missing sensors". The lab 4C sensor package is made of a cluster of three orthogonally mounted accelerometers and a hydrophone as described in [16]. Later we will show the measured phase noise floor of the sensors in the 4C sensor package for validation of the phase noise model.…”

Section: A Experimental Arrangementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Sensitivity Characterization in Fiber-Optic Sensor Systems Using Amplifiers and TDM

Liao

Austin

Nash

et al. 2013

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-We present an analytical approach to accurately model the phase sensitivity, and provide simple analytical formulae, useful in the design, comparison and optimization of multiplexed amplified interferometric fiber-optic based sensor systems. The phase sensitivity model incorporates the various key noise contributions including receiver noise, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) induced noise, active sources noise and other phase noise terms. We define and present a novel term 'Demod phase sensitivity' to take into account the effects from noise aliasing in systems based on time division multiplexed (TDM) architectures. An experiment was conducted that confirmed the appropriateness and accuracy of the phase sensitivity model. The approach is widely applicable but particular appropriate for fiber-optic sensor systems using amplifiers and TDM.Index Terms-Phase noise model, phase sensitivity, interferometric fiber optic sensor, amplified array, TDM, noise aliasing, derivative approach I. INTRODUCTIONInterferometric fiber optic sensors have been researched for nearly four decades, the interest driven by a number of practical applications, particularly in military sonar and in seismic surveying [1]. Fiber sensors provide many advantages over conventional electro-ceramic-based sensors, including their immunity to electromagnetic interference, high sensitivity, simplicity, smaller cross-section, potential lower cost, multiplexing capability and especially their reliability in underwater applications.Interferometric fiber optic acoustic sensors are based on measuring the phase change of light travelling in an optical fiber due to the strains developed on the fiber by an applied measurand. The non-linear response between the optical phase modulation and the intensity output of the interferometer is linearized by methods including both feedback and open-loop demodulators [2]. The performance of any demodulation scheme is always limited by various types of intensity or phase noise such as shot noise, thermal fluctuations, optical source noise, electronic drift and other system specific sources 1 Manuscript

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Section: A Experimental Arrangementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Sensitivity Characterization in Fiber-Optic Sensor Systems Using Amplifiers and TDM

Liao

Austin

Nash

et al. 2013

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…Pre-amplifiers, post-amplifiers and in-line amplifiers as single amplifiers are all often used [7,8]. The largest interferometric fiber-optic sensor array reported to date consisted of a time-and wavelength-division multiplexed architecture combining up to 256 sensors onto a single fiber pair [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is increasingly difficult to support more sensors beyond a total number of about 300 in a TDM scheme due to nonlinear effects, and the optical duty cycle or interrogation rate of each sensor [5]. Compared to the TDM architecture, the combination of DWDM with a TDM architecture is significantly more efficient, both in terms of number of channels per fiber and number of channels per laser [9,13]. DWDM allows many TDM signals at different wavelengths to be combined on a single fiber simultaneously, such that the multiplexing factor is now given by the product of the number of TDM sensors (typically ~ 30) and the number of wavelengths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Scalable Amplified Hybrid TDM/DWDM Array Architecture for Interferometric Fiber-Optic Sensor Systems

Liao

Austin

Nash

et al. 2013

J. Lightwave Technol.

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1 1 Abstract-We present a distributed amplified hybrid dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) array architecture for large scale interferometric fiber-optic sensor array systems. This architecture employs a distributed Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) scheme to decrease the distribution loss among multiplexed wavelengths, and employs TDM at each wavelength to increase the total number of sensors that can be supported. The first experimental demonstration of this system is reported including results which show the potential for multiplexing and interrogating up to 4096 sensors using a single telemetry fiber pair with good system performance. The number of interrogation sensors could be further increased by increasing the number of wavelength channels. These architectures would be of great importance in the application of systems requiring very large number of sensors with limited telemetry cabling.

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“…In each instance splitting/recombination loss ultimately limits the scalability of the approach in terms of the total number of sensors that can be accommodated, with the number of fibres required for telemetry a further critical factor that significantly impacts the overall system cost and practicality. The largest interferometric fibre-optic sensor array reported to date consisted of a time-and wavelength-division multiplexed architecture combining up to 256 sensors onto a single fibre pair [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High performance architecture design for large scale fibre-optic sensor arrays using distributed EDFAs and hybrid TDM/DWDM

Liao¹,

Austin²,

Nash³

et al. 2013

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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A distributed amplified dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) array architecture is presented for interferometric fibre optic sensor array systems. This architecture employs a distributed erbium doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) scheme to decrease the array insertion loss, and employs time division multiplexing (TDM) at each wavelength to increase the number of sensors that can be supported. The first experimental demonstration of this system is reported including results which show the potential for multiplexing and interrogating up to 4096 sensors using a single telemetry fibre pair with good system performance. The number can be increased to 8192 by using dual pump sources.

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High efficiency TDM/WDM architectures for seismic reservoir monitoring

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Phase Sensitivity Characterization in Fiber-Optic Sensor Systems Using Amplifiers and TDM

Phase Sensitivity Characterization in Fiber-Optic Sensor Systems Using Amplifiers and TDM

Highly Scalable Amplified Hybrid TDM/DWDM Array Architecture for Interferometric Fiber-Optic Sensor Systems

High performance architecture design for large scale fibre-optic sensor arrays using distributed EDFAs and hybrid TDM/DWDM

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