High energy density matter issues related to Future Circular Collider: Simulations of full beam impact with a solid copper cylindrical target

Abstract

This paper presents numerical simulations of the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic response of a solid copper cylindrical target that is subjected to the full impact of one future circular collider (FCC) ultra‐relativistic proton beam. The target is facially irradiated so that the beam axis coincides with the cylinder axis. The simulations have been carried out employing an energy deposition code, FLUKA, and a 2D hydrodynamic code, BIG2, iteratively. The simulations show that, although the static range of a single FCC proton and its shower in solid copper is ∼1.5 m, the full beam may penetrate up to 350 m into the target as a result of hydrodynamic tunnelling. Moreover, simulations also show that a major part of the target is converted into high energy density (HED) matter, including warm dense matter (WDM) and strongly coupled plasma.

Thermodynamic Properties of Dense Hydrogen Plasmas With Partially Degenerate Semiclassical Ions

“…This paper considers a one-component dense hydrogen plasma with semiclassical nonideal ions against the background of degenerate quantum electrons. Such non-ideal plasma is of research interest both in theoretical and practical terms, for example, in the study of the cores of white and brown dwarfs [1], certain regions of the cores of neutron stars [2], as well as the results of experiments on the matter under extreme conditions [3][4][5][6] carried out at facilities such as GSI-Darmstadt and IMP-Lanzhou [7]. In dense plasma, interparticle interactions play a significant role, where the average distance between particles is of the same order of magnitude as the thermal wavelength of the particles, so that the collision probability becomes high, and it becomes necessary to take into account the wave nature of the particles.…”

Structural characteristics of strongly coupled ions in a dense quantum plasma

“…This results in a transient stationary nonequilibrium state of a dense plasma with relatively cold strongly coupled ions and hot ideal or weakly coupled electrons [14][15][16][17]. Another reason for the interest in a dense quantum plasma with strongly coupled ions is the study of the properties of extreme states of matter upon laser compression of materials [14,[18][19][20] and laboratory astrophysics [21,22].…”