In this paper, the one-dimensional transient heat conduction problem is investigated of a coated high strength steel (HSS) plate which is composed of two coating layers and a HSS layer. As the coating is extremely thin, non-Fourier heat conduction is applied to this part, while the steel part is analyzed by Fourier conduction. Then the temperature increment equations are obtained, which can be calculated by the Newmark method. The effects of thermal relaxation time, temperature boundary conditions, and coating parameters on temperature increment distribution of the coated HSS plate are also presented. Thus, the one-dimensional transient heat conduction problem of a coated HSS plate can be solved, which contributes to practical application and engineering design.