High energy particles from young supernovae: gamma-ray and neutrino connections

Abstract

Young core-collapse supernovae (YSNe) are factories of high-energy neutrinos and gamma-rays as the shock accelerated protons efficiently interact with the protons in the dense circumstellar medium. We explore the detection prospects of secondary particles from YSNe of Type IIn, II-P, IIb/II-L, and Ib/c. Type IIn YSNe are found to produce the largest flux of neutrinos and gamma-rays, followed by II-P YSNe. Fermi-LAT and the Cherenkov Telescope Array (IceCube-Gen2) have the potential to detect Type IIn YSNe up to 10 Mpc (4 Mpc), with the remaining YSNe Types being detectable closer to Earth. We also find that YSNe may dominate the diffuse neutrino background, especially between 10 TeV and 103 TeV, while they do not constitute a dominant component to the isotropic gamma-ray background observed by Fermi-LAT. At the same time, the IceCube high-energy starting events and Fermi-LAT data already allow us to exclude a large fraction of the model parameter space of YSNe otherwise inferred from multi-wavelength electromagnetic observations of these transients.

Neutrino Emission from Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients

“…In addition, Gottlieb et al (2022b); Metzger (2022) predict fast ejecta propagating in the CSM with velocity v f  0.1c. Protons may be accelerated at the shocks between the ejecta and the CSM leading to neutrino production, similar to what is foreseen for SNe (Murase et al 2011;Pitik et al 2022;Petropoulou et al 2017Petropoulou et al , 2016Katz et al 2011;Murase et al 2014;Cardillo et al 2015;Zirakashvili & Ptuskin 2016;Murase et al 2020;Sarmah et al 2022) or transrelativistic SNe (Kashiyama et al 2013;Zhang & Murase 2019), probably powered by a choked jet as it may be the case for LFBOTs. Neutrinos produced from LFBOTs could be detectable by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and the upcoming IceCube-Gen2, aiding to pin down the mechanisms powering LFBOTs Fang et al 2020).…”

“…Despite the growing number of neutrino events routinely detected at IceCube, the origin of the observed diffuse neutrino background is still unknown. Several source classes have been proposed as major contributors to the observed diffuse flux, such as gamma-ray bursts, cluster of galaxies, star-forming galaxies, tidal disruption events, and SNe (Mészáros 2017a;Ahlers & Halzen 2018;Vitagliano et al 2020;Mészáros 2017b;Pitik et al 2021;Murase 2017;Waxman 2017;Tamborra et al 2014;Zandanel et al 2015;Wang & Liu 2016;Dai & Fang 2017;Senno et al 2017;Lunardini & Winter 2016;Sarmah et al 2022). As discussed in Section 5, LFBOTs have favorable detection chances in neutrinos; hence we now explore the contribution of LFBOTs to the diffuse neutrino background.…”

“…Similar to SNe, the stellar outflows interacting with dense CSM can be neutrino factories (Murase et al 2011;Pitik et al 2022;Petropoulou et al 2017Petropoulou et al , 2016Katz et al 2011;Murase et al 2014;Cardillo et al 2015;Zirakashvili & Ptuskin 2016;Murase et al 2020;Sarmah et al 2022), when the protons accelerated at the forward shock between the ejecta and the CSM interact with the steady target of protons of the CSM.…”

Prospects for Extending the Core-collapse Supernova Detection Horizon Using High-energy Neutrinos

“…In this work, we made use of a modest prediction model, and it is important to note that there are uncertainties in many parameters that can influence the resulting neutrino flux. For the CSM-ejecta model, for example, the shock velocity and proton energy can influence the detection horizon by 1 order of magnitude, as demonstrated in Sarmah et al (2022), where they give a reach for a Type II-P (IIn) of 0.2-2 (0.6-6) Mpc for IceCube. As shown in Murase et al (2019), the neutrino fluence is also sensitive to the proton index s. We used the more optimistic estimate from Murase (2018), with s = 2.0, which is expected for quasiparallel shocks (Murase et al 2019).…”

“…This model was recently extended in Murase (2018) and Kheirandish & Murase (2022), and this HE neutrino flux can contribute to the flux of diffuse neutrinos found by IceCube (Aartsen et al 2015a;Zirakashvili & Ptuskin 2016;Necker 2021). Key parameters affecting the HE neutrino flux include mass loss, wind velocity, shock velocity, and proton spectral index, as investigated in Sarmah et al (2022) and Murase et al (2019).…”