High explosivity of the June 21, 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano (Central Kuril Islands); mineralogical and petrological constraints on the pyroclastic materials

Smirnov, S. Z.; Nizametdinov, I. R.; Timina, T. Yu.; Котов, А. Б.; Sekisova, V.S.; Kuzmin, D. V.; Kalacheva, Elena; Рашидов, В. А.; Рыбин, А. В.; Лавренчук, А. В.; Degterev, A.V.; Maksimovich, I.A.; Abersteiner, Adam

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107346

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…5 top panel). Therefore, the bulk composition for the Eyjafjallajökull ash (58.85 wt %) appears to be consistent with the glass shards of air fall ash reported by Smirnov et al (2021). We therefore present retrieval results only for the Eyjafjallajökull ash composition.…”

Section: Forward Modelsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The bulk silica contents for Eyjafjallajökull, Mount Spurr and Chaitén are 58.85, 55.99 and 74.90 wt % (see Prata et al, 2019, Table 2). Smirnov et al (2021) provide bulk silica contents for samples representing the 21-26 June 2019 eruption and show that, for glass compositions of shards from air fall ash, bulk silica contents are mostly between 57-63 wt % (see the total alkali silica diagram in their Fig. 5 top panel).…”

Section: Forward Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Volcanic ash retrievals from satellite data are possible in the thermal IR because of the high SiO 2 content of volcanic ash, which has a strong absorption feature around the 9.5 µm wavelength region (Soda, 1961;Grainger et al, 2013;Prata et al, 2019). Volcanic ash clouds can be discriminated from water and ice clouds because the absorption of thermal radiation for ash decreases from 10 to 12 µm, while thermal infrared absorption increases from 10 to 12 µm for water and ice, a property known as the reverse absorption effect (Prata, 1989a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncertainty-bounded estimates of ash cloud properties using the ORAC algorithm: application to the 2019 Raikoke eruption

Prata

Grainger²,

Taylor³

et al. 2022

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Uncertainty-bounded satellite retrievals of volcanic ash cloud properties such as ash cloud-top height, effective radius, optical depth and mass loading are needed for the robust quantitative assessment required to warn aviation of potential hazards. Moreover, there is an imperative to improve quantitative ash cloud estimation due to the planned move towards quantitative ash concentration forecasts by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers. Here we apply the Optimal Retrieval of Aerosol and Cloud (ORAC) algorithm to Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) measurements of the ash clouds produced by the June 2019 Raikoke (Russia) eruption. The ORAC algorithm uses an optimal estimation technique to consolidate a priori information, satellite measurements and associated uncertainties into uncertainty-bounded estimates of the desired state variables. Using ORAC, we demonstrate several improvements in thermal infrared volcanic ash retrievals applied to broadband imagers. These include an improved treatment of measurement noise, accounting for multi-layer cloud scenarios, distinguishing between heights in the troposphere and stratosphere, and the retrieval of a wider range of effective radii sizes than existing techniques by exploiting information from the 10.4 µm channel. Our results indicate that 0.73 ± 0.40 Tg of very fine ash (radius ≤ 15 µm) was injected into the atmosphere during the main eruptive period from 21 June 18:00 UTC to 22 June 10:00 UTC. The total mass of very fine ash decreased from 0.73 to 0.10 Tg over ∼ 48 h, with an e-folding time of 20 h. We estimate a distal fine ash mass fraction of 0.73 % ± 0.62 % based on the total mass of very fine ash retrieved and the ORAC-derived height–time series. Several distinct ash layers were revealed by the ORAC height retrievals. Generally, ash in the troposphere was composed of larger particles than ash present in the stratosphere. We also find that median ash cloud concentrations fall below peak ash concentration safety limits (< 4 mg m−3) 11–16 h after the eruption begins, if typical ash cloud geometric thicknesses are assumed. The ORAC height retrievals for the near-source plume showed good agreement with GOES-17 side-view height data (R=0.84; bias = −0.75 km); however, a larger negative bias was found when comparing ORAC height retrievals for distal ash clouds against Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP) measurements (R=0.67; bias = −2.67 km). The dataset generated here provides uncertainties at the pixel level for all retrieved variables and could potentially be used for dispersion model validation or be implemented in data assimilation schemes. Future work should focus on improving ash detection, improving height estimation in the stratosphere and exploring the added benefit of visible channels for retrieving effective radius and optical depth in opaque regions of nascent ash plumes.

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Section: Forward Modelsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Forward Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncertainty-bounded estimates of ash cloud properties using the ORAC algorithm: application to the 2019 Raikoke eruption

Prata

Grainger²,

Taylor³

et al. 2022

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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“…Persistently degassing subaerial volcanoes are often characterised by mildly explosive eruptions because outgassing during periods of quiescence reduces pressures within magma plumbing systems by several MPa over relatively short (month–year) time periods, and increases magma viscosities, which may stall a rising magma batch 40 . However, if not stalled, in a situation where exsolved gasses have not fully escaped the conduit system, higher viscosities can enhance explosivity 41 , 42 , and mineralisation and hydrothermal sealing of volcanic rocks 43 , particularly within lava domes 44 , 45 , may allow greater pressurisation of the system and more explosive eruptions. Thus, while the hydrothermal system at Late’iki may currently contribute to the lower explosivity of its eruptions compared to the similarly shallow dacitic Home Reef and 0403-091 volcanoes, the hydrothermal system here has the potential to enhance explosivity under other conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2019–2020 volcanic eruption of Late’iki (Metis Shoal), Tonga

Yeo

McIntosh

Bryan

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Late’iki (previously known as Metis Shoal) is a highly active volcano in the Tofua arc with at least four temporary island-building eruptions and one submarine eruption in the last 55 years. The most recent eruption, commencing in October 2019, resulted in lava effusion and subsequent phreatic explosions, the construction of a short-lived island that was quickly eroded by wave action and possibly further phreatic activity that continued into January 2020. The two-pyroxene dacite from the 2019 eruption is similar to the 1967/8 eruptions suggesting the magma is residual from earlier eruptions and has not undergone further differentiation in the last 50 years. New observations of the 2019 eruption site confirm the lava-dominant character of the volcano summit but a thin veneer of wave-reworked, finely fragmented lava material remains that is interpreted to have been produced by phreatic explosions from hot rock-water interactions during the effusive eruption. A notable absence of quench-fragmented hyaloclastite breccias suggests that non-explosive quench fragmentation processes were minimal at these shallow depths or that hyaloclastite debris has resedimented to greater depths beyond our summit survey area.

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“…The June 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano in the Kuril Islands, Russia, provided a superb opportunity to examine these trends. Raikoke is a remote oceanic stratovolcano-its top rises 550 m above sea level as an island that is visibly 2.7 × 2.6 km across [Levin et al 2010;Smirnov et al 2021]. Prior to 2019 there had been two major historic eruptions (in 1778 and 1924).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial analysis of globally detected volcanic lightning from the June 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano, Kuril Islands

Smith¹,

Eaton

Schneider³

et al. 2022

Volcanica

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The 21–22 June 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano, Russia, provided an opportunity to explore how spatial trends in volcanic lightning locations provide insights into pulsatory eruption dynamics. Using satellite-derived plume heights, we examine the development of lightning detected by Vaisala’s Global Lightning Dataset (GLD360) from eleven, closely spaced eruptive pulses. Results from one-dimensional plume modeling show that the eruptive pulses with maximum heights 9–16.5 km above sea level were capable of producing ice in the upper troposphere, which contributed variably to electrification and volcanic lightning. A key finding is that lightning locations not only followed the main dispersal direction of these ash plumes, but also tracked a lower-level cloud derived from pyroclastic density currents. We show a positive relationship between umbrella cloud expansion and the area over which lightning occurs (the ‘lightning footprint’). These observations suggest useful metrics to characterize ongoing eruptive activity in near real-time.

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High explosivity of the June 21, 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano (Central Kuril Islands); mineralogical and petrological constraints on the pyroclastic materials

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Uncertainty-bounded estimates of ash cloud properties using the ORAC algorithm: application to the 2019 Raikoke eruption

Uncertainty-bounded estimates of ash cloud properties using the ORAC algorithm: application to the 2019 Raikoke eruption

The 2019–2020 volcanic eruption of Late’iki (Metis Shoal), Tonga

Spatial analysis of globally detected volcanic lightning from the June 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano, Kuril Islands

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