High-Fidelity Modeling of Multirotor Aerodynamic Interactions for Aircraft Design

Alvarez, Eduardo J.; Ning, Andrew

doi:10.2514/1.j059178

Cited by 58 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Until now, a small number of software implementations of vortex methods, preferably open source, are known, which would provide a possibility of solving a wide class of problems and would be available to researchers. [ 46 , 47 ], as well as [ 48 , 49 ] projects can be pointed out that started in 2018 and 2019, however their capabilities, connected with modern mathematical models implementation and high-performance computing, remain at a rather modest level. The authors started in 2017 the project [ 50 , 51 ], where the viscous vortex domains (VVD) method is implemented together with developed T -schemes for numerical solving the BIE.…”

Section: Software Implementation Of Vortex Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Scope of Lagrangian Vortex Methods for Two-Dimensional Flow Simulations and the POD Technique Application for Data Storing and Analyzing

Kuzmina

Marchevsky

Soldatova

et al. 2021

Entropy

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The possibilities of applying the pure Lagrangian vortex methods of computational fluid dynamics to viscous incompressible flow simulations are considered in relation to various problem formulations. The modification of vortex methods—the Viscous Vortex Domain method—is used which is implemented in the VM2D code developed by the authors. Problems of flow simulation around airfoils with different shapes at various Reynolds numbers are considered: the Blasius problem, the flow around circular cylinders at different Reynolds numbers, the flow around a wing airfoil at the Reynolds numbers 104 and 105, the flow around two closely spaced circular cylinders and the flow around rectangular airfoils with a different chord to the thickness ratio. In addition, the problem of the internal flow modeling in the channel with a backward-facing step is considered. To store the results of the calculations, the POD technique is used, which, in addition, allows one to investigate the structure of the flow and obtain some additional information about the properties of flow regimes.

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Section: Software Implementation Of Vortex Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Scope of Lagrangian Vortex Methods for Two-Dimensional Flow Simulations and the POD Technique Application for Data Storing and Analyzing

Kuzmina

Marchevsky

Soldatova

et al. 2021

Entropy

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“…Nevertheless, these solvers required a robust experimental validation, especially to evaluate their capabilities of accurately simulating the strong interactional effects that are typical of the flow fields of multi-propeller configurations. With this aim, Alvarez and Ning [14,15] reproduced the side-by-side propeller experiment in hover conditions conducted by Zhou et al [5] using a mid-fidelity aerodynamic VPM code and found a quite promising agreement in terms of flow-field representation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Experimental Study of the Aerodynamic Interaction between Side-by-Side Propellers in eVTOL Airplane Mode through Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry

Zanotti

2021

Aerospace

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Side-by-side propellers characterise the architecture of most new electric aircraft (eVTOLs) designed in recent years for urban air mobility. The aerodynamic interaction between side-by-side propellers represents one of the key phenomena that characterise the flow field and performance of these novel aircraft configurations. The present article describes the main results of a wind tunnel campaign that aimed to investigate the flow features that characterise this aerodynamic interaction, with a particular application to cruise flight conditions in eVTOLs. With this aim, stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were performed in the wake of two co-rotating propeller models in a side-by-side configuration. The three-dimensional flow surveys provided detailed insights into the flow physics of the interacting propellers, with a particular focus on the interactional effects on the trajectory of the tip vortices and the wake topology provided at two different advance ratios by reproducing a moderate and a fast cruise speed of eVTOLs in urban areas.

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“…Furthermore, wind-tunnel wall corrections need to be considered, which are addressed in Section II.C. This experimental dataset does not only reveal interaction effects, but can also serve as reference dataset for validation of lower order tools to predict propeller interaction like the free-wake model of Bagai and Leishman [35], the free-wake panel method of Lee et al [26], the viscous vortex particle method of Alvarez and Ning [33] and other modeling methods. The investigation presented in this paper partially includes the Master's thesis work by Usai [36].…”

Section: Objective and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic Interaction Effects Between Propellers in Typical eVTOL Vehicle Configurations

Stokkermans

Usai

Sinnige

et al. 2021

Journal of Aircraft

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Many eVTOL concepts are characterized by non-traditional vehicle layouts with distributed propellers. Two propeller interaction types were distinguished in this paper, which investigates how propeller interaction in side-by-side and one-after-another configuration affects performance, in terms of thrust, power, in-plane forces and out-of-plane moments, and how those performance effects depend on axial and lateral propeller spacing. A wind-tunnel experiment was performed with two propeller units, one instrumented with a force/torque sensor, and the other introducing the aerodynamic interaction. Total pressure and planar PIV measurements were taken to investigate slipstream characteristics. A strong dependency of interaction effects on the geometric layout was found. For side-by-side interaction characteristic of vertical takeoff and transition, interaction effects varied from weak at small angle of attack to strong at larger angles. A drop in rear propeller thrust of up to 30% was found at constant advance ratio. Keeping thrust constant resulted in power penalties up to 13% for the two propellers combined. For one-after-another interaction, characteristic of cruise, a maximum reduction

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High-Fidelity Modeling of Multirotor Aerodynamic Interactions for Aircraft Design

Cited by 58 publications

References 53 publications

On the Scope of Lagrangian Vortex Methods for Two-Dimensional Flow Simulations and the POD Technique Application for Data Storing and Analyzing

On the Scope of Lagrangian Vortex Methods for Two-Dimensional Flow Simulations and the POD Technique Application for Data Storing and Analyzing

Experimental Study of the Aerodynamic Interaction between Side-by-Side Propellers in eVTOL Airplane Mode through Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry

Aerodynamic Interaction Effects Between Propellers in Typical eVTOL Vehicle Configurations

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