High-fidelity quantum state evolution in imperfect photonic integrated circuits

Mower, Jacob; Harris, Nicholas C.; Steinbrecher, Gregory R.; Lahini, Yoav; Englund, Dirk

doi:10.1103/physreva.92.032322

Cited by 89 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Compared to the Schur-transform approach to optimum mixed-state discrimination, the components of our FF-SFG and SFG receivers, albeit challenging, have simpler realizations. In particular, the required SFG can be implemented in an optical cavity or nonlinear waveguides [60], and its K cycles can be combined on a photonic integrated circuit [61][62][63]. Feed-forward operations have been successfully employed to obtain improved performance in the discrimination of coherent states [39][40][41], mixed states [64], and entangled states [65].…”

Section: Prl 118 040801 (2017) P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum Mixed-State Discrimination for Noisy Entanglement-Enhanced Sensing

2017

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Quantum metrology utilizes nonclassical resources, such as entanglement or squeezed light, to realize sensors whose performance exceeds that afforded by classical-state systems. Environmental loss and noise, however, easily destroy nonclassical resources and, thus, nullify the performance advantages of most quantum-enhanced sensors. Quantum illumination (QI) is different. It is a robust entanglement-enhanced sensing scheme whose 6 dB performance advantage over a coherent-state sensor of the same average transmitted photon number survives the initial entanglement's eradication by loss and noise. Unfortunately, an implementation of the optimum quantum receiver that would reap QI's full performance advantage has remained elusive, owing to its having to deal with a huge number of very noisy optical modes. We show how sum-frequency generation (SFG) can be fruitfully applied to optimum multimode Gaussian-mixedstate discrimination. Applied to QI, our analysis and numerical evaluations demonstrate that our SFG receiver saturates QI's quantum Chernoff bound. Moreover, augmenting our SFG receiver with a feedforward (FF) mechanism pushes its performance to the Helstrom bound in the limit of low signal brightness. The FF-SFG receiver, thus, opens the door to optimum quantum-enhanced imaging, radar detection, state and channel tomography, and communication in practical Gaussian-state situations. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.040801 Introduction.-Entanglement is essential for deviceindependent quantum cryptography [1], quantum computing [2], and quantum-enhanced metrology [3]. It has also been employed in frequency and phase estimation to beat their standard quantum limits on measurement precision [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Furthermore, entanglement has applications across diverse research areas, including dynamic biological measurement [11], delicate material probing [12], gravitational wave detection [13], and quantum lithography [14]. Entanglement, however, is fragile; it is easily destroyed by quantum decoherence arising from environmental loss and noise. Consequently, the entanglement-enabled performance advantages of most quantum-enhanced sensing schemes quickly dissipate with increasing quantum decoherence, challenging their merits for practical situations.Quantum illumination (QI) is an entanglement-enhanced paradigm for target detection that thrives on entanglementbreaking loss and noise [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Its optimum quantum receiver enjoys a 6 dB advantage in error-probability exponent over optimum classical sensing using the same transmitted photon number. Remarkably, QI's advantage occurs despite the initial entanglement being completely destroyed.To date, the only in-principle realization of QI's optimum quantum receiver requires a Schur transform on a quantum computer [23], so that its physical implementation is unlikely to occur in the near future. At present, the best known suboptimum QI receivers [20,21]-one of which, the optical parametric amplifier (OPA) receiver, has been

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Section: Prl 118 040801 (2017) P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum Mixed-State Discrimination for Noisy Entanglement-Enhanced Sensing

2017

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“…First, we use single-photon data to estimate the reflectivity cos ϑ of the beam splitter according to Eq. (21). Imperfect mode-matching changes the shape of the coincidence curve, and we find γ by comparing the shapes of (i) the curve expected for reflectivity cos ϑ and (ii) the curve obtained experimentally.…”

Section: Summary Of Procedures and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Obtaining accurate error bars on these random variables is important for using characterized linear optical interferometers in quantum computation and communication. Current procedures compute error bars under the assumption that Poissonian shot noise is the only source of error in experiment [21,23]. We choose to employ bootstrapping on the data determine error bars [46,47,[51][52][53].…”

Section: Bootstrapping To Estimate Error Bars (Algorithm 8)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Accurate and precise characterization of linear optical interferometers

Dhand

Khalid

et al. 2016

J. Opt.

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We combine single-and two-photon interference procedures for characterizing any multi-port linear optical interferometer accurately and precisely. Accuracy is achieved by estimating and correcting systematic errors that arise due to spatiotemporal and polarization mode mismatch. Enhanced accuracy and precision are attained by fitting experimental coincidence data to curve simulated using measured source spectra. We employ bootstrapping statistics to quantify the resultant degree of precision. A scattershot approach is devised to effect a reduction in the experimental time required to characterize the interferometer. The efficacy of our characterization procedure is verified by numerical simulations.

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“…Small phase differences caused by waveguide edgewall roughness are accumulated throughout an interferometer mesh, resulting in an initially unknown unitary evolution. Recent theoretical work has considered the problem of characterizing such systems using single-and two-photon interference [48,56,71,72]. While the exponential reduction in multiphoton coincidence rates associated with uniform loss cannot be corrected post fabrication, the operational fidelity of a quantum circuit program in the QPP architecture can be greatly improved using nonlinear optimization techniques [68].…”

Section: Large-scale Linear Optical Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-scale quantum photonic circuits in silicon

et al. 2016

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Quantum information science offers inherently more powerful methods for communication, computation, and precision measurement that take advantage of quantum superposition and entanglement. In recent years, theoretical and experimental advances in quantum computing and simulation with photons have spurred great interest in developing large photonic entangled states that challenge today's classical computers. As experiments have increased in complexity, there has been an increasing need to transition bulk optics experiments to integrated photonics platforms to control more spatial modes with higher fidelity and phase stability. The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanophotonics platform offers new possibilities for quantum optics, including the integration of bright, nonclassical light sources, based on the large third-order nonlinearity (χ (3) ) of silicon, alongside quantum state manipulation circuits with thousands of optical elements, all on a single phase-stable chip. How large do these photonic systems need to be? Recent theoretical work on Boson Sampling suggests that even the problem of sampling from ~30 identical photons, having passed through an interferometer of hundreds of modes, becomes challenging for classical computers. While experiments of this size are still challenging, the SOI platform has the required component density to enable low-loss and programmable interferometers for manipulating hundreds of spatial modes.Here, we discuss the SOI nanophotonics platform for quantum photonic circuits with hundreds-to-thousands of optical elements and the associated challenges. We compare SOI to competing technologies in terms of requirements for quantum optical systems. We review recent results on large-scale quantum state evolution circuits and strategies for realizing high-fidelity heralded gates with imperfect, practical systems. Next, we review recent results on silicon photonics-based photonpair sources and device architectures, and we discuss a path towards large-scale source integration. Finally, we review monolithic integration strategies for single-photon detectors and their essential role in on-chip feed forward operations.

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High-fidelity quantum state evolution in imperfect photonic integrated circuits

Cited by 89 publications

References 58 publications

Optimum Mixed-State Discrimination for Noisy Entanglement-Enhanced Sensing

Optimum Mixed-State Discrimination for Noisy Entanglement-Enhanced Sensing

Accurate and precise characterization of linear optical interferometers

Large-scale quantum photonic circuits in silicon

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