High Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen vs. Conventional Oxygen Therapy and Noninvasive Ventilation in Emergency Department Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

High‐flow Therapy for Bronchiolitis

“…As a probiotic component, this fungus may cause systemic infection in the immunocompromised adults and children. 2 Apart from immunodeficiency, other risk factors for the development of S. cerevisiae fungaemia are the presence of a central venous catheter, mechanical ventilation, severe systemic gastrointestinal disease, intensive care unit admission. 2,3 Fungaemia is the commonest manifestation.…”

“…2 Apart from immunodeficiency, other risk factors for the development of S. cerevisiae fungaemia are the presence of a central venous catheter, mechanical ventilation, severe systemic gastrointestinal disease, intensive care unit admission. 2,3 Fungaemia is the commonest manifestation. 2 In immunocompetent individuals, probiotics are considered generally safe yet cases of bloodstream infections following the administration of them have rarely been reported.…”

“…2,3 Fungaemia is the commonest manifestation. 2 In immunocompetent individuals, probiotics are considered generally safe yet cases of bloodstream infections following the administration of them have rarely been reported. 2 Probiotics for acute gastroenteritis may reduce the duration of diarrhoea by approximately 1 day as stated in the most recent consensus from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.…”

“…2 In immunocompetent individuals, probiotics are considered generally safe yet cases of bloodstream infections following the administration of them have rarely been reported. 2 Probiotics for acute gastroenteritis may reduce the duration of diarrhoea by approximately 1 day as stated in the most recent consensus from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. 4 Given the fact that this benefit is still a matter of debate and that fungi in probiotics can rarely cause bloodstream infection via intestinal translocaton in immunocompetent children, the paediatricians should use them with extreme caution.…”

“…However, meta-analyses of randomised control trials (Table 1) do not show that HFNC is superior to conventional oxygen therapy or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). 2,3 We are surprised that the authors propose an algorithm suggesting an evidence-based approach to the use of HFNC for infants with bronchiolitis who deteriorate after the use of standard sub-nasal oxygen therapy.…”