High Frequency Dielectric Spectroscopy Array with Code Division Multiplexing for Biological Imaging

Hu, Kangping; Kennedy, Eamonn; Rosenstein, Jacob K.

doi:10.1109/biocas.2019.8919173

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…C M is the mutual capacitance between these two electrodes, which may include distributed electric fields extending into the sample as well as parasitic capacitance within the sensor chip. We neglect the effects of Debye shielding because the circuit is operating at radio frequencies [5], [6], [9]. We also assume that the capacitors charge faster than the switching cycle so that we can neglect any distributed resistance.…”

Section: Two-phase Mutual Capacitance Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Super-Resolution Electrochemical Impedance Imaging with a 100 × 100 CMOS Sensor Array

Arcadia

Rosenstein

2021

Preprint

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This paper presents a 100 × 100 super-resolution integrated sensor array for microscale electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) imaging. The system is implemented in 180 nm CMOS with 10μm × 10μm pixels. Rather than treating each electrode independently, the sensor is designed to measure the mutual capacitance between programmable sets of pixels. Multiple spatially-resolved measurements can then be computationally combined to produce super-resolution impedance images. Experimental measurements of sub-cellular permittivity distributions within single algae cells demonstrate the potential of this new approach.

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Section: Two-phase Mutual Capacitance Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After encapsulating the wirebonds in epoxy, a simple open-top fluidic cell is assembled around the sensor (Fig. 4(b)) and the aluminum top metal is chemically removed to expose a titanium nitride electrode surface as previously described [9], [10].…”

Section: A Layout and Packagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Super-Resolution Electrochemical Impedance Imaging with a 100 × 100 CMOS Sensor Array

Arcadia

Rosenstein

2021

Preprint

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“…Widdershoven et al demonstrated that measuring double layer capacitive sensors via impedance spectroscopy at high frequencies allows them to see beyond the Debye length (Fig. 3A) 27,[32][33][34][35] .…”

Section: Disrupting the Double Layer Through Electronic Perturbationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Going beyond the Debye Length: Overcoming Charge Screening Limitations in Next-Generation Bioelectronic Sensors

2020

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Electronic biosensors are a natural fit for field-deployable diagnostic devices because they can be miniaturized, mass produced, and integrated with circuitry. Unfortunately, progress in the development of such platforms has been hindered by the fact that mobile ions present in biological samples screen charges from the target molecule, greatly reducing sensor sensitivity. Under physiological conditions, the thickness of the resulting electric double layer is less than 1 nm, and it has generally been assumed that electronic detection beyond this distance is virtually impossible. However, a few recently described sensor design strategies seem to defy this conventional wisdom, exploiting the physics of electrical double layers in ways that traditional models do not capture. In the first strategy, charge screening is decreased by constraining the space in which double layers can form. The second strategy uses external stimuli to prevent double layers from reaching equilibrium, thereby effectively reducing charge screening. In this Perspective, we describe these relatively new concepts and offer theoretical insights into mechanisms that may enable electronic biosensing beyond the Debye length. If these concepts can be further developed and translated into practical electronic biosensors, we foresee exciting opportunities for the next generation of diagnostic technologies.

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“…This Debye layer screens the electric field from penetrating more than a few nanometers into a sample. However, the relaxation time of the screening layer is on the order of 1 µs, and at MHz frequencies the electric field can extend farther into a sample [32]- [34]. Radiofrequency EIS offers opportunities for imaging thicker samples or non-adherent cells.…”

Section: Impedance and Capacitive Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To illustrate some of the types of microbial imaging that can be done using electrochemical sensors, we measured a variety of unicellular algae using a high-frequency EIS CMOS sensor array. The design details of the integrated circuit are described in [7] and its operating principle is similar to those described elsewhere [33], [34], [37]. Briefly, the sensor contains a grid of electrodes with a pitch of approximately 10 µm.…”

Section: Impedance Imaging Of Single-celled Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

CMOS Electrochemical Imaging Arrays for the Detection and Classification of Microorganisms

Arcadia

Epstein

et al. 2021

2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)

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Microorganisms account for most of the biodiversity on earth. Yet while there are increasingly powerful tools for studying microbial genetic diversity, there are fewer tools for studying microorganisms in their natural environments. In this paper, we present recent advances in CMOS electrochemical imaging arrays for detecting and classifying microorganisms. These microscale sensing platforms can provide non-optical measurements of cell geometries, behaviors, and metabolic markers. We review integrated electronic sensors appropriate for monitoring microbial growth, and present measurements of single-celled algae using a CMOS sensor array with thousands of active pixels. Integrated electrochemical imaging can contribute to improved medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring, as well as discoveries of new microbial populations.

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High Frequency Dielectric Spectroscopy Array with Code Division Multiplexing for Biological Imaging

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Super-Resolution Electrochemical Impedance Imaging with a 100 × 100 CMOS Sensor Array

Super-Resolution Electrochemical Impedance Imaging with a 100 × 100 CMOS Sensor Array

Going beyond the Debye Length: Overcoming Charge Screening Limitations in Next-Generation Bioelectronic Sensors

CMOS Electrochemical Imaging Arrays for the Detection and Classification of Microorganisms

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