High-Frequency Location Data Shows That Race Affects the Likelihood of Being Stopped and Fined for Speeding

Aggarwal, Pradhi; Brandon, Alec; Goldszmidt, Ariel; Holz, Justin; List, John A.; Muir, I.F.K.; Sun, Greg; Yu, Thomas

doi:10.2139/ssrn.4298671

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…While Kalinowski et al (2023) used an indirect test, Aggarwal et al (2022) had direct information: a large data set of detailed information on a universe of motorists that includes those who are not stopped along with those who are stopped. Their data involved Lyft drivers in Florida between 2017 and 2020, with 40 billion observations of location and speed, and some information on the race of drivers.…”

Section: Infra-marginality and Veils Of Darknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nature, detection, and avoidance of harmful discrimination in criminal justice

O'Flaherty,

Sethi,

Williams

2023

J Policy Anal Manage

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We provide a selective survey of the literature on discrimination by criminal justice agents, and argue for a taxonomy of harms that differs from conventional approaches. Discrimination can be self‐defeating if it reduces welfare among targets of discrimination while serving no legitimate purpose for the discriminating party. Even if a legitimate purpose is served, discrimination can be deliberative or demeaning, resulting in welfare losses that need to be accounted for. Deliberative and demeaning discrimination can also be self‐defeating through general equilibrium effects on witness cooperation, clearance rates, and preemptive and retaliatory violence. We consider how harmful discrimination can be detected and avoided, as well as changes in our understanding of discrimination resulting from the proliferation of predictive algorithms.

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Section: Infra-marginality and Veils Of Darknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nature, detection, and avoidance of harmful discrimination in criminal justice

O'Flaherty,

Sethi,

Williams

2023

J Policy Anal Manage

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“…Unequal exposure to police violence, a cardinal manifestation of structural racism, may also contribute to racial disparities in sleep health . Both direct and vicarious exposure to police use of deadly force have been linked to poor health outcomes, most notably poor mental health .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Unequal exposure to police violence, a cardinal manifestation of structural racism, may also contribute to racial disparities in sleep health. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Both direct and vicarious exposure to police use of deadly force have been linked to poor health outcomes, most notably poor mental health. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Even exposure to nonlethal police encounters have been linked to poor health outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep Health

Venkataramani,

Bair,

Bor

et al. 2024

JAMA Intern Med

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ImportanceRacial disparities in sleep health may mediate the broader health outcomes of structural racism.ObjectiveTo assess changes in sleep duration in the Black population after officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, a cardinal manifestation of structural racism.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsTwo distinct difference-in-differences analyses examined the changes in sleep duration for the US non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) population before vs after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, using data from adult respondents in the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS; 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2018) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS; 2013-2019) with data on officer-involved killings from the Mapping Police Violence database. Data analyses were conducted between September 24, 2021, and September 12, 2023.ExposuresOccurrence of any police killing of an unarmed Black person in the state, county, or commuting zone of the survey respondent’s residence in each of the four 90-day periods prior to interview, or occurence of a highly public, nationally prominent police killing of an unarmed Black person anywhere in the US during the 90 days prior to interview.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSelf-reported total sleep duration (hours), short sleep (&lt;7 hours), and very short sleep (&lt;6 hours).ResultsData from 181 865 Black and 1 799 757 White respondents in the BRFSS and 9858 Black and 46 532 White respondents in the ATUS were analyzed. In the larger BRFSS, the majority of Black respondents were between the ages of 35 and 64 (99 014 [weighted 51.4%]), women (115 731 [weighted 54.1%]), and college educated (100 434 [weighted 52.3%]). Black respondents in the BRFSS reported short sleep duration at a rate of 45.9%, while White respondents reported it at a rate of 32.6%; for very short sleep, the corresponding values were 18.4% vs 10.4%, respectively. Statistically significant increases in the probability of short sleep and very short sleep were found among Black respondents when officers killed an unarmed Black person in their state of residence during the first two 90-day periods prior to interview. Magnitudes were larger in models using exposure to a nationally prominent police killing occurring anywhere in the US. Estimates were equivalent to 7% to 16% of the sample disparity between Black and White individuals in short sleep and 13% to 30% of the disparity in very short sleep.Conclusions and RelevanceSleep health among Black adults worsened after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black individuals. These empirical findings underscore the role of structural racism in shaping racial disparities in sleep health outcomes.

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Race and Privacy in Broadcast Police Communications

Narayanan Venkit,

Graziul,

Goodman

et al. 2024

Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.

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Radios are essential for the operations of modern police departments, and they function as both a collaborative communication technology and a sociotechnical system. However, little prior research has examined their usage or their connections to individual privacy and the role of race in policing, two growing topics of concern in the US. As a case study, we examine the Chicago Police Department's (CPD's) use of broadcast police communications (BPC) to coordinate the activity of law enforcement officers (LEOs) in the city. From a recently assembled archive of 80,775 hours of BPC associated with CPD operations, we analyze human-generated text transcripts of radio transmissions broadcast 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM on August 10th, 2018 in one majority Black, one majority White, and one majority Hispanic area of the city (24 hours of audio) to explore four research questions: (1) Do BPC reflect reported racial disparities in policing? (2) How and when is gender, race/ethnicity, and age mentioned in BPC? (3) To what extent do BPC include sensitive information, and who is put at most risk by this practice? (4) To what extent can large language models (LLMs) heighten this risk? We explore the vocabulary and speech acts used by police in BPC, comparing mentions of personal characteristics to local demographics, the personal information shared over BPC, and the privacy concerns that it poses. Analysis indicates (a) policing professionals in the city of Chicago exhibit disproportionate attention to Black members of the public regardless of context, (b) sociodemographic characteristics like gender, race/ethnicity, and age are primarily mentioned in BPC about event information, and (c) disproportionate attention introduces disproportionate privacy risks for Black members of the public. This study shows BPC can provide a novel window into disproportionate attention (i.e., via radio communications) by law enforcement officers to specific racial groups, leading to increased privacy vulnerability for those groups, particularly Black males.

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High-Frequency Location Data Shows That Race Affects the Likelihood of Being Stopped and Fined for Speeding

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The nature, detection, and avoidance of harmful discrimination in criminal justice

The nature, detection, and avoidance of harmful discrimination in criminal justice

Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep Health

Race and Privacy in Broadcast Police Communications

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