High frequency of antiviral drug resistance and non-B subtypes in HIV-1 patients failing antiviral therapy in Cuba

Kourí, Vivian; Alemán, Yoan; Pérez, Lissette; Pérez, Jorge; Fonseca, Carlos Alberto da; Correa, Consuelo; Aragonés, Carlos; Campos, Jorge; Álvarez, Delmis; Schrooten, Yoeri; Dekeersmaeker, Nathalie; Imbrechts, Stijn; Beheydt, Gertjan; Vinken, Lore; Pérez, Daniel I.; Álvarez, Alina; Soto, Yudira; Vandamme, Anne‐Mieke; Laethem, Kristel Van

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2012.08.019

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It will be also interesting to trace the origins and global dispersal pathways of those subtype G lineages found in countries outside sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Cuba [73], [74], [75], Portugal [76], [77], [78], and Russia [79] where this subtype has been disseminated among local populations. It has been showed that the spread of HIV-2 outwards Africa mirrors socio historical ties [80] and a previous study conducted by our group showed that most subtype G Cuban lineages are nested among basal sequences from Central Africa [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the HIV-1 Subtype G Epidemic in West and Central Africa

2014

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The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype G is the second most prevalent HIV-1 clade in West Africa, accounting for nearly 30% of infections in the region. There is no information about the spatiotemporal dynamics of dissemination of this HIV-1 clade in Africa. To this end, we analyzed a total of 305 HIV-1 subtype G pol sequences isolated from 11 different countries from West and Central Africa over a period of 20 years (1992 to 2011). Evolutionary, phylogeographic and demographic parameters were jointly estimated from sequence data using a Bayesian coalescent-based method. Our analyses indicate that subtype G most probably emerged in Central Africa in 1968 (1956–1976). From Central Africa, the virus was disseminated to West and West Central Africa at multiple times from the middle 1970s onwards. Two subtype G strains probably introduced into Nigeria and Togo between the middle and the late 1970s were disseminated locally and to neighboring countries, leading to the origin of two major western African clades (GWA-I and GWA-II). Subtype G clades circulating in western and central African regions displayed an initial phase of exponential growth followed by a decline in growth rate since the early/middle 1990s; but the mean epidemic growth rate of GWA-I (0.75 year−1) and GWA-II (0.95 year−1) clades was about two times higher than that estimated for central African lineages (0.47 year−1). Notably, the overall evolutionary and demographic history of GWA-I and GWA-II clades was very similar to that estimated for the CRF06_cpx clade circulating in the same region. These results support the notion that the spatiotemporal dissemination dynamics of major HIV-1 clades circulating in western Africa have probably been shaped by the same ecological factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the HIV-1 Subtype G Epidemic in West and Central Africa

2014

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“…HIV-1 pol sequences were retrieved from both antiretroviral therapy naïve and HAART treated patients from different Cuban regions between 1999 and 2011, as described in previous studies [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Sequences were aligned using the CLUSTAL X program [21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subtype B is the most prevalent variant (∼33–40%), followed by CRF19_cpx (∼20–28%), CRFs20/23/24_BG (∼12–20%) CRF18_cpx (∼7–10%), subtype C (∼3–10%), and subtype G (∼2–7%) [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. It has been proposed that the presence of numerous Cuban military and civilian personnel in several sub-Saharan African countries, and particularly those stationed in Angola and neighboring countries between 1975 and 1991, have contributed to the introduction of multiple non-B HIV-1 subtypes into Cuba [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylodynamics of the HIV-1 Epidemic in Cuba

Delatorre

Bello

2013

PLoS ONE

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Previous studies have shown that the HIV-1 epidemic in Cuba displayed a complex molecular epidemiologic profile with circulation of several subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRF); but the evolutionary and population history of those viral variants remains unknown. HIV-1 pol sequences of the most prevalent Cuban lineages (subtypes B, C and G, CRF18_cpx, CRF19_cpx, and CRFs20/23/24_BG) isolated between 1999 and 2011 were analyzed. Maximum-likelihood analyses revealed multiple introductions of subtype B (n≥66), subtype C (n≥10), subtype G (n≥8) and CRF18_cpx (n≥2) viruses in Cuba. The bulk of HIV-1 infections in this country, however, was caused by dissemination of a few founder strains probably introduced from North America/Europe (clades BCU-I and BCU-II), east Africa (clade CCU-I) and central Africa (clades GCU, CRF18CU and CRF19CU), or locally generated (clades CRFs20/23/24_BG). Bayesian-coalescent analyses show that the major HIV-1 founder strains were introduced into Cuba during 1985–1995; whereas the CRFs_BG strains emerged in the second half of the 1990s. Most HIV-1 Cuban clades appear to have experienced an initial period of fast exponential spread during the 1990s and early 2000s, followed by a more recent decline in growth rate. The median initial growth rate of HIV-1 Cuban clades ranged from 0.4 year−1 to 1.6 year−1. Thus, the HIV-1 epidemic in Cuba has been a result of the successful introduction of a few viral strains that began to circulate at a rather late time of the AIDS pandemic, but then were rapidly disseminated through local transmission networks.

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“…Although phylogeographic analyses suggest an African origin for this HIV-1 CRF, the vast majority of infections occur in Cuba, where prevalence is >15% of the HIV-infected population [2][3][4][5]. However, the reported incidence of CRF19 cpx cases in other countries is very low, and the existence of transmission groups outside http Cuba has never been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%