High Genetic Diversity of Porcine Sapovirus From Diarrheic Piglets in Yunnan Province, China

Abstract

As one of the most important enteric viruses, sapovirus (SaV) can infect humans and a variety of animals. Until now, 19 SaV genogroups have been identified, among which 4 from human (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) and 8 from swine (GIII, GV–GXI). Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) GIII has been prevalent in China; however, the status of PoSaV infection in Yunnan province remains unknown. In this study, 202 fecal samples were collected from piglets associated with outbreaks of acute diarrhea in Yunnan between January and May 2020. PoSaV detection revealed that the total PoSaV infection rate in Yunnan was 35.2%, with 21 PoSaV strains determined and phylogenetically analyzed. The phylogenetic tree analyses demonstrated that twenty PoSaV strains belonged to GIII and fell into five genotypes, whereas one PoSaV strain (YNQB) belonged to GV. Sequence alignments revealed deletions in VP2 region in 10 of the 20 GIII strains, as well as deletions and insertions in VP1 region of the GV strain (YNQB). Furthermore, genomic recombination analyses showed that two GIII strains (YNAN and YNJD) were recombinants, closely related to reference sequences MK965898 and LC215880, MK965898 and FJ387164, respectively. In summary, PoSaV-GIII strains were identified in Yunnan in 2020, and for the first time, a PoSaV-GV strain was identified from China, whereas the comprehensive analyses illustrated high genetic diversity of Yunnan PoSaV strains. This study may shed new light on the current PoSaV infections in Yunnan and pave the way toward further control of the PoSaV infections in China.

Porcine Sapovirus in Northern Vietnam: Genetic Detection and Characterization Reveals Co-Circulation of Multiple Genotypes

“…In this study, the positive rate was 9.8%, which was similar to that of positive rates reported in China (9%) [32], the Czech Republic (10.2%) [13], and Slovakia (clinical healthy pigs: 8.4%; diarrhoeic pigs: 10%) [33]. The currently positive rate was lower than that of positive rates reported in the USA (62%) [34], Yunnan city of China (35.2%) [21], and Brazil (23.7%) [35]. The differences in percentage rates might have been due to the different locations and times of sampling.…”

“…Furthermore, some caliciviruses can spread to animals [ 3 , 14 , 19 ]. Although evidence of transmission of swine in human Sapoviruses remain unclear, the likelihood that they act as a reservoir species is increased by the prevalence of infection and recombination in pigs [ 6 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. However, there have never been any proven instances of PoSaVs spreading from pigs to humans.…”

Genomic Evolution and Selective Pressure Analysis of a Novel Porcine Sapovirus in Shanghai, China

“…Herein, we present the novel PoSaV isolate SHCM/Mega2023, characterized by recombination with MK962338 (major parent) and KT922089 (minor parent), with a breakpoint identified at 2969–5132 nt in the RdRp-capsid junction region. The results suggested that intra-genogroup recombination may occur between field GIII strains, a premise which was consistent with most of the recombination events [ 15 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Available sequences showed that Yunnan PoSaV-GIII strain YNAN might be the only recombinant with breakpoints located in the VP1 region, which is important for immunogenicity [ 34 ].…”

“…The results suggested that intra-genogroup recombination may occur between field GIII strains, a premise which was consistent with most of the recombination events [ 15 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Available sequences showed that Yunnan PoSaV-GIII strain YNAN might be the only recombinant with breakpoints located in the VP1 region, which is important for immunogenicity [ 34 ]. And it also had evolved via an intra-genogroup recombination event.…”

Viral metagenome analysis of the viral community composition of the porcine diarrhea feaces

“…These data would provide database for the prevention and control of clinical porcine diarrhea disease. (Wang et al, 2019;Liu X et al, 2022;Qiu et al, 2022)…”