High HIV prevalence and risk factors among injection drug users in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2003–2004

Characterization of the Emerging HIV Type 1 and HCV Epidemics among Injecting Drug Users in Dushanbe, Tajikistan

“…To determine variables that were most significant in predicting HIV and HCV status, full models were reduced using manual backward stepwise logistic regression, forcing gender and ethnicity into the model. Ethnicity was controlled for in the multivariate analysis for HIV and HCV infection risks, as we have reported on ethnicity and HIV in a separate report, and it was found to be an important infection risk for HIV.1 9 We assessed model fit using the Hosmer and Lemeshow and Pearson's goodness-of-fit tests. All analyses were conducted using the statistical program STATA Version 8.0 (STATA, College Station, TX).…”

“…Although data on HIV prevalence are lacking from Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and China are facing serious HIV epidemics. 8,9 As of March 2004, 170 cases of HIV infection had been registered in Tajikistan. In 2004, UNAIDS estimated the total number of people living with HIV=AIDS as less than 200-400 individuals and the rate of adult HIV infection as less than 0.1-0.2%.…”

Enhanced HIV-1 surveillance using molecular epidemiology to study and monitor HIV-1 outbreaks among intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Athens and Bucharest

“…Large differences exist across Europe: in Western Europe the proportion of HIV-1 diagnoses among IDUs was 5.1%, in Central Europe 7.3%, and in Eastern Europe 33.6% (ecdc/WHO). In the 80s and 90s, several HIV-1 outbreaks were reported among IDUs in Europe, and specifically in Eastern Europe (Latvia, Russia, Estonia, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan) (Balode et al, 2012;Beyrer et al, 2009Beyrer et al, , 1998Bobkov et al, 2004a,b;Bobkova, 2013; ecdc/WHO; Kazennova et al, 2013;Laga et al, 2012;Lazouskaya et al, 2005;Mathers et al, 2010;Novitsky et al, 1998;Pandrea et al, 2001;Saad et al, 2006a,b;Sanchez et al, 2006;Uuskula et al, 2002;Zarandia et al, 2006), in Portugal (Esteves et al, 2003), Italy (Ciccozzi et al, 2007), Finland and Sweden (Kivela et al, 2007;Skar et al, 2011).…”

Condom use with random partners by users of testing and Counseling Center in std/aids

“…The occurrence of contamination by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and by other sexually transmitted infections (STI) is associated with the practice of unprotected sex, which presents as one of the main situations of vulnerability to these conditions (1) . Still, the use of condoms to prevent STIs is reduced, especially among specific groups of the population, such as younger women or those with stable partners and people with lower schooling (2) .…”