High-Intensity Interval Training After Stroke: An Opportunity to Promote Functional Recovery, Cardiovascular Health, and Neuroplasticity

Abstract

Larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish ( a) effectiveness, safety, and optimal training parameters within more heterogeneous poststroke populations; (b) potential mechanisms of HIIT-associated improvements; and ( c) adherence and psychosocial outcomes.

BCI training effects on chronic stroke correlate with functional reorganization in motor-related regions: A concurrent EEG and fMRI study

“…The neces- 3 sary functional connectivity changes among brain regions induced in stroke patients 4 with lasting recovery effect remain unclear, with only several putative mechanisms 5 been proposed [23]. 6 It is now well established that many functional networks in human brain are con-7 sistent across subjects, including sensory networks (visual, auditory, somatosensory) 8 and sensorimotor network, as well as some associative 'control' networks (default 9 mode, dorsal attention, fronto-parietal, ventral attention) [24][25][26]. Functional con-10 nectivity (FC) which measures the temporal correlation of the blood oxygen level 11 dependent (BOLD) signal between different regions at rest has emerged as a power- 12 ful tool to map the functional organization of the brain.…”

“…4 In this study, two neuroimaging modalities, including EEG and fMRI, were em- 5 ployed to evaluate the neuroplasticity changes in chronic stroke subjects after in- 6 terventions using BCI robot hand training paradigm. Motor function of the paretic 7 upper-limb of stroke subjects was evaluated at three time points: before, immedi- 8 ately after and 6 months after the interventions. Seed-based functional connectivity 9 from resting-state fMRI and effective connectivity analysis from EEG were inves-10 tigated to reveal the changes in neuroplasticity and interaction between different 11 brain regions.…”

“…Table 1 summarizes the demographics and clinical 7 properties of the stroke subjects. The lesion distribution of stroke patients is shown 8 in Figure 1(C). 9…”

“…All electrodes were 6 filled properly with conductive gel to ensure all the impedances were kept below 7 5 kΩ. Similar with other studies [37,38], EEG signals from C3 and C4 channels 8 were used for BCI control and meanwhile, all channels were used to generate the 9 real-time topography of the brain dynamic potential for surveillance. 10 Alpha suppression reflects an event-related desynchronization (ERD) of the EEG 11 caused by an increase in neural activity [39], which has been widely utilized in BCI 12 training field and has promising outcome [40,41].…”

“…Processes of remaining components were then projected back to all 6 original channels. 7 Finally, we applied a surface Laplace filter with the spherical spline method [61] to 8 increase the topographical selectivity, eliminate the volume conduction and high- 9 light the high-spatial-frequency components while attenuating low ones [62]. For 10 group-level analysis convenience, all EEG for those patients with left-hemisphere 11 lesion was left-right flipped before signal processing procedure.…”