High-Intensity Radiation from Beryllium-Window X-Ray Tubes

Rogers, T. H.

doi:10.1148/48.6.594

Cited by 25 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Even if the anode structure does not outright melt, high temperatures could introduce mechanical deformations in the wire mesh that would significantly alter the applied electric field. However, beryllium is an alternative wire material commonly used in X‐ray windows for its low density, low atomic number, high tensile strength (even at high temperatures), high heat resistance, relatively high melting point (1560 K), and impressive heat conductivity 34 . Replacing the molybdenum wires with beryllium wires (

m\; = \;1.32\;g,\;\;{c_p} = \;1.83\;{\mathrm{kJ}}/{\mathrm{kg\;K}})

results in an average energy deposition of 21 ± 0.0005 keV per electron, or 0.57 kJ/s.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, beryllium is an alternative wire material commonly used in X-ray windows for its low density, low atomic number, high tensile strength (even at high temperatures), high heat resistance, relatively high melting point (1560 K), and impressive heat conductivity. 34 Replacing the molybdenum wires with beryllium wires (m = 1.32 g, c p = 1.83 kJ∕kg K) results in an average energy deposition of 21 ± 0.0005 keV per electron, or 0.57 kJ/s. With a heat capacity of 1.83 kJ/kg K, the rate of temperature change decreases to just 234 K/s.…”

Section: Electrode Geometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proof‐of‐concept for a thin conical X‐ray target optimized for intensity and directionality for use in a carbon nanotube‐based compact X‐ray tube

Insley,

Bartkoski,

Balter

et al. 2023

Medical Physics

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BackgroundCarbon nanotube‐based cold cathode technology has revolutionized the miniaturization of X‐ray tubes. However, current applications of these devices required optimization for large, uniform fields with low intensity.PurposeThis work investigated the feasibility and radiological characteristics of a novel conical X‐ray target optimized for high intensity and high directionality to be used in a compact X‐ray tube.MethodsThe proposed device uses an ultrathin, conical tungsten‐diamond target that exhibits significant heat loading while maintaining a small focal spot size and promoting forward‐directedness of the X‐ray field through preferential attenuation of oblique‐angled photons. The electrostatic and thermal properties of the theoretical tube were calculated and analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The production, transport, and calculation of radiological properties associated with the resultant X‐ray field were performed using the Geant4 toolkit via its wrapper, TOPAS.ResultsHeat transfer analysis of this X‐ray tube demonstrated the feasibility of a 200‐kV electron beam bombarding the proposed target at a maximum current of 100 mA using a 1‐ms symmetric duty cycle. The cathode of the X‐ray tube was designed to be segmented into nine switchable electrical segments for modulation of the focal spot size from 0.4‐ to 10.8‐mm. After importing the COMSOL‐derived electron beam into TOPAS for X‐ray production simulations, radiological analysis of the resultant field demonstrated high levels of intrinsic beam collimation while maintaining high intensity. A maximum dose rate of 17,887 cGy/min was calculated for 1‐mm depth in water at 7‐cm distance.ConclusionsThe proposed X‐ray tube design can create highly directional X‐ray fields with superior fluence compared to that of current commercial X‐ray tubes of comparable size.

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m\; = \;1.32\;g,\;\;{c_p} = \;1.83\;{\mathrm{kJ}}/{\mathrm{kg\;K}})

results in an average energy deposition of 21 ± 0.0005 keV per electron, or 0.57 kJ/s.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrode Geometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Proof‐of‐concept for a thin conical X‐ray target optimized for intensity and directionality for use in a carbon nanotube‐based compact X‐ray tube

Insley,

Bartkoski,

Balter

et al. 2023

Medical Physics

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show abstract

“…In a previous communication (JENNINGS, 1950), comparisons were made between the experimental results obtained by the writer using a beryllium window tube operated under pulsating tension (2-50 K. V. P.) and those obtained by BRAESTRUP (reported by ROGERS, 1947) with constant potential equipment. The latter's measurements were confined to a range of aluminium filtrations at 50 K. V., and a tube current of 2 mA only was used in order to limit dose rates to a maximum of cv3 3,000 r/min.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Beryllium-Window Tube Outputs; Further Considerations regarding the Use of Constant and Pulsating Tension

Jennings¹

1951

Acta Radiologica

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“…to permit passage of soft x-rays (i.e., rays of comparatively long wave length), was obtained. The water-cooled anode is of vacuum-cast copper with a tungsten target [4,7]. The focal spot is 1.5 mm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Ray Microradiography of Fibers and Fabrics

Lindsley¹,

Fischer

Brant³

1949

Textile Research Journal

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Soft x-rays or Grenz rays can be used to form shadowgrams of single textile fibers as well as of yarns and fabrics on fine-grain photographic plates. This paper deals primarily with the microradiography of single fibers and includes a description of experimental equipment, conditions under which necessary resolution is obtained, impregnation of fibers with substances to increase absorption of x-radiation, and examples of the utility of the method. Single cotton, rayon, wool, and other fibers are clearly resolved by x-radiation generated at 5 kv.; at higher voltages (to 17 kv.), natural fibers give faint shadowgrams. When the fibers are impregnated with 10-20% lead sulfide or other materials, single treated fibers can then be distinguished in masses of untreated fibers. This technique provides a possible means for tracing individual fibers through processing operations.

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High-Intensity Radiation from Beryllium-Window X-Ray Tubes

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Proof‐of‐concept for a thin conical X‐ray target optimized for intensity and directionality for use in a carbon nanotube‐based compact X‐ray tube

Proof‐of‐concept for a thin conical X‐ray target optimized for intensity and directionality for use in a carbon nanotube‐based compact X‐ray tube

Beryllium-Window Tube Outputs; Further Considerations regarding the Use of Constant and Pulsating Tension

X-Ray Microradiography of Fibers and Fabrics

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