High‐Latitude Plasma Convection Based on SuperDARN Observations and the Locally Divergence Free Criterion

Abstract

of 19the physical relationship between the observations and the electric field and that for uncertainties in the observations. Many of the techniques for convection pattern estimation developed since AMIE build upon its rigorous formulation (e.g.,

Application of Wide‐Beam Transmission for Advanced Operations of SuperDARN Borealis Radars in Monostatic and Multistatic Modes

“…Measurements from radars with overlapping FOVs are used to generate plasma drift velocity vector fields. Functional fitting is used to create global‐scale plasma velocity maps from the combined measured velocity components observed by multiple radars (Bristow et al., 2022; Fiori et al., 2010; Ruohoniemi & Baker, 1998). These are equivalent to global‐scale maps of electric potential at high latitudes.…”

Multi‐Frequency SuperDARN Interferometer Calibration

“…Most SuperDARN radars have a smaller interferometer antenna array (4 elements), displaced from the main antenna array (16 elements) by ∼60–185 m, to measure the vertical angle of arrival, or elevation angle, of the received radar signals (Baker & Greenwald, 1988; McDonald et al., 2013; Milan et al., 1997; Shepherd, 2017). These elevation angle measurements are important for the accurate geolocation of SuperDARN backscatter observations, both from field‐aligned ionospheric irregularities used to map two‐dimensional plasma flow (e.g., Bristow et al., 2022; Cousins et al., 2013; Fiori et al., 2010; Ruohoniemi & Baker, 1998) and from ground irregularities on the Earth's land and sea surfaces (e.g., Greenwald et al., 2017; Greenwood et al., 2011; Ponomarenko et al., 2010; Shand et al., 1998).…”