High levels of expression of multiple enzymes in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway are important for high accumulation of ascorbic acid in acerola fruits

Suekawa, Marina; Fujikawa, Yukichi; Inoue, Akari; Kondo, Takayuki; Uchida, Eriko; Koizumi, Takeshi; Esaka, Muneharu

doi:10.1080/09168451.2019.1608808

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…In Arabidopsis , GGP overexpressing lines had a 2.9-fold enhancement of vitamin C, whereas the double-gene transformation with GGP-GPP and GGP-GLDH led to an up to 4.1-fold vitamin C increase [206]. The contemporary overexpression of acerola GGP, GMP, and GME genes in tomato protoplasts caused an increase in vitamin C content, which was approximately four-fold higher than in wild type [207]. A stable transformation with GME, GMP, GGP, and GPP was obtained in tomato through pyramiding, which is a conventional hybridization that is technically achievable and generates stable inherited target genes [208,209].…”

Section: Vitamin C Biofortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin C in Plants: From Functions to Biofortification

et al. 2019

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Vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) is an excellent free radical scavenger, not only for its capability to donate reducing equivalents but also for the relative stability of the derived monodehydroascorbate radical. However, vitamin C is not only an antioxidant, since it is also a cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in plant and human metabolism. In humans, vitamin C takes part in various physiological processes, such as iron absorption, collagen synthesis, immune stimulation, and epigenetic regulation. Due to the functional loss of the gene coding for l-gulonolactone oxidase, humans cannot synthesize vitamin C; thus, they principally utilize plant-based foods for their needs. For this reason, increasing the vitamin C content of crops could have helpful effects on human health. To achieve this objective, exhaustive knowledge of the metabolism and functions of vitamin C in plants is needed. In this review, the multiple roles of vitamin C in plant physiology as well as the regulation of its content, through biosynthetic or recycling pathways, are analyzed. Finally, attention is paid to the strategies that have been used to increase the content of vitamin C in crops, emphasizing not only the improvement of nutritional value of the crops but also the acquisition of plant stress resistance.

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Section: Vitamin C Biofortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin C in Plants: From Functions to Biofortification

et al. 2019

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“…These authors also demonstrated that the co-expression of GMP (enzyme 1) and GGP (enzyme 3) resulted in higher ascorbate levels compared to GMP or GGP alone [219]. Furthermore, co-overexpression of GMP (enzyme 1), GME (enzyme 2), and GGP (enzyme 3) significantly increased ascorbate contents compared to the dual expression of GMP and GGP [219]. These data suggest that expressing the three upstream enzymes in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway has a synergistic effect on ascorbate levels.…”

Section: L-ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…These data suggest that expressing the three upstream enzymes in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway has a synergistic effect on ascorbate levels. In contrast, co-overexpression of GGP (enzyme 4), GDH (enzyme 5), and GLDH (enzyme 6) resulted in no differences in ascorbate [219].…”

Section: L-ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Summary of the impacts of manipulating ascorbate biosynthetic enzymes on ascorbate accumulation and ascorbate dehydroascorbate ratios (see Figure 6). In 2019, the over-expression of L-Gal dehydrogenase ((GDH) enzyme 5: Figure 6) or L-GalL dehydrogenase ((GLDH) enzyme 6: Figure 6) also led to small increases in ascorbate content in acerola fruits (Malpighia glabra), whilst the over-expression of GME had minimal effect on ascorbate levels [219]. These authors also demonstrated that the co-expression of GMP (enzyme 1) and GGP (enzyme 3) resulted in higher ascorbate levels compared to GMP or GGP alone [219].…”

Section: L-ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2019, the over-expression of L-Gal dehydrogenase ((GDH) enzyme 5: Figure 6) or L-GalL dehydrogenase ((GLDH) enzyme 6: Figure 6) also led to small increases in ascorbate content in acerola fruits (Malpighia glabra), whilst the over-expression of GME had minimal effect on ascorbate levels [219]. These authors also demonstrated that the co-expression of GMP (enzyme 1) and GGP (enzyme 3) resulted in higher ascorbate levels compared to GMP or GGP alone [219]. Furthermore, co-overexpression of GMP (enzyme 1), GME (enzyme 2), and GGP (enzyme 3) significantly increased ascorbate contents compared to the dual expression of GMP and GGP [219].…”

Section: L-ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Engineering for Global Food Security: Photosynthesis and Biofortification

Simkin

2019

Plants

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Increasing demands for food and resources are challenging existing markets, driving a need to continually investigate and establish crop varieties with improved yields and health benefits. By the later part of the century, current estimates indicate that a >50% increase in the yield of most of the important food crops including wheat, rice and barley will be needed to maintain food supplies and improve nutritional quality to tackle what has become known as ‘hidden hunger’. Improving the nutritional quality of crops has become a target for providing the micronutrients required in remote communities where dietary variation is often limited. A number of methods to achieve this have been investigated over recent years, from improving photosynthesis through genetic engineering, to breeding new higher yielding varieties. Recent research has shown that growing plants under elevated [CO2] can lead to an increase in Vitamin C due to changes in gene expression, demonstrating one potential route for plant biofortification. In this review, we discuss the current research being undertaken to improve photosynthesis and biofortify key crops to secure future food supplies and the potential links between improved photosynthesis and nutritional quality.

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