High Linearity, Low Hysteresis Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/AgNW/Liquid Metal Self‐Healing Strain Sensor Modulated by Dynamic Disulfide and Hydrogen Bonds

Abstract

Flexible wearable strain sensors have received extensive attention in human–computer interaction, soft robotics, and human health monitoring. Despite significant efforts in developing stretchable electronic materials and structures, developing flexible strain sensors with stable interfaces and low hysteresis remains a challenge. Herein, Ti3C2Tx MXene/AgNWs/liquid metal strain sensors (MAL strain sensor) with self‐healing function are developed by exploiting the strong interactions between Ti3C2Tx MXene/AgNWs/LM and the disulfide and hydrogen bonds inside the self‐healing poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers. AgNWs lap the Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets, and the LM acts as a bridge to increase the lap between Ti3C2Tx MXene and AgNWs, thereby improving the interface interaction between them and reducing hysteresis. The MAL strain sensor can simultaneously achieve high sensitivity (gauge factor for up to 3.22), high linearity (R2 = 0.98157), a wide range of detection (e.g., 1%–300%), a fast response time (145 ms), excellent repeatability, and stability.In addition, the MAL strain sensor before and after self‐healing is combined with a small fish and an electrothermally driven soft robot, respectively, allowing real‐time monitoring of the swinging tail of the small fish and the crawling of the soft robot by resistance changes.

Highly Stretchable and Fluorescent Visualizable Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Tetraphenylethylene Plied Yarn Strain Sensor with Heterogeneous and Cracked Structure for Human Health Monitoring

“…As shown in Figure i, at 20% strain, the relative resistance changed up to about 100%, and 2000 load/unload cycles demonstrated the durability and stability of the SCFY strain sensor. When compared to reported strain sensors, ,− the overall performance of the SCFY strain sensor exhibited a high sensitivity, a wide strain range, a low detection limit, and rapid response and recovery capabilities (Figure h and Table S1).…”

Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare

“…Since layered MXene has strong binding forces between the metal and carbide or nitrogen, the monolayered MXene exhibits excellent mechanical performances. The properties of multiple layered MXene films are largely determined by the compositions, stacking sequence, and lateral dimensions of the MXene atoms, enabling a variety of structures and compositions by plenty of chemical or physical protocols to tune the device performance. − The mainstream wearable electronics for MXenes and their hybrids focus on flexible tactile/pressure sensors . An MXene/protein-based biomembrane was assembled for a wearable, breathable, degradable, and highly sensitive pressure sensor with coated and ink-printed silk fibroin nanofiber with MXene as the sensing layer and the electrode layer, respectively .…”

Conductive nanocomposite hydrogels for flexible wearable sensors

“…123 Dynamic non-covalent interactions mainly include hydrogen bonding, metal–ion coordination interactions, and host–guest interactions. 124 Hydrogen bonding is a force between a hydrogen atom and two other atoms with high electronegativity, which is weaker than the conventional ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, but stronger than electrostatic attraction and van der Waals forces. As a result, hydrogen bonding has been favored by many scholars as a mainstay of dynamic non-covalent interactions due to its adjustable strength, excellent recombination reversibility, and excellent biocompatibility.…”