High Magnetic Fields for Imaging Cerebral Morphology, Function, and Biochemistry

Uğurbil, Kâmil; Adriany, Gregor; Akgün, Can; Andersen, Peter M.; Chen, Wei; Gruetter, Rolf; Henry, Pierre‐Gilles; Marjańska, Małgorzata; Moeller, Steen; Moortele, Pierre-Francois Van de; Prüssmann, Klaas P.; Tkáč, Ivan; Vaughan, J. Thomas; Yacoub, Essa; Zhu, Xiaohong

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49648-1_10

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…Although, in reality, in vivo heteronuclear MRS has not been widely applied compared to 1 H MRI/MRS due to its lower detection sensitivity, the currently available ultrahigh MRI/MRS scanners, technology and their associated high field merits have undoubtedly stimulated the in vivo heteronuclear MRS research and methodological development (153). Significant progresses have been made for advancing in vivo MRS in brain research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced In Vivo Heteronuclear MRS Approaches for Studying Brain Bioenergetics Driven by Mitochondria

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2009

Methods in Molecular Biology

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The greatest merit of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methodology used in biomedical research is its ability for noninvasively measuring a variety of metabolites inside a living organ. It, therefore, provides an invaluable tool for determining metabolites, chemical reaction rates and bioenergetics, as well as their dynamic changes in the human and animal. The capability of in vivo MRS is further enhanced at higher magnetic fields because of significant gain in detection sensitivity and improvement in the spectral resolution. Recent progress of in vivo MRS technology has further demonstrated its great potential in many biomedical research areas, particularly in brain research. Here, we provide a review of new developments for in vivo heteronuclear 31P and 17O MRS approaches and their applications in determining the cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen and ATP inside the mitochondria, in both animal and human brains.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced In Vivo Heteronuclear MRS Approaches for Studying Brain Bioenergetics Driven by Mitochondria

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2009

Methods in Molecular Biology

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“…Since its introduction (1, 2), functional MRI (fMRI) has evolved into the most commonly employed technique for mapping neuronal activity. Significant improvements in fMRI can be realized at ultrahigh magnetic fields due to gains in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) (3), as well as increases in the magnitude and the accuracy of the functional mapping signals (e.g., (4–8) and references therein). Therefore, most fMRI studies today utilize 3 T, with an ever‐increasing number of sites migrating toward 7 T.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multiband multislice GE‐EPI at 7 tesla, with 16‐fold acceleration using partial parallel imaging with application to high spatial and temporal whole‐brain fMRI

Moeller

Yacoub

Olman

et al. 2010

Magnetic Resonance in Med

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Parallel imaging in the form of multiband radiofrequency excitation, together with reduced k-space coverage in the phaseencode direction, was applied to human gradient echo functional MRI at 7 T for increased volumetric coverage and concurrent high spatial and temporal resolution. Echo planar imaging with simultaneous acquisition of four coronal slices separated by 44mm and simultaneous 4-fold phase-encoding undersampling, resulting in 16-fold acceleration and up to 16-fold maximal aliasing, was investigated. Task/stimulusinduced signal changes and temporal signal behavior under basal conditions were comparable for multiband and standard single-band excitation and longer pulse repetition times. Robust, whole-brain functional mapping at 7 T, with 2 3 2 3 2mm 3 (pulse repetition time 1.25 sec) and 1 3 1 3 2mm 3 (pulse repetition time 1.5 sec) resolutions, covering fields of view of 256 3 256 3 176mm 3 and 192 3 172 3 176mm 3 , respectively, was demonstrated with current gradient performance.

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“…These capabilities can be further enhanced at high magnetic fields (t 3 Tesla) due to significant gain in MR sensitivity and improvement in spectral resolution [12][13][14].…”

Section: Recent Mri Technology Developments Have Resultedmentioning

confidence: 98%

Advanced Neuroimaging Approaches of Magnetic Resonance for Brain Function Research

Chen

2007

2007 Joint Meeting of the 6th International Symposium on Noninvasive Functional Source Imaging of the Brain and Heart and the I

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One of the greatest merits of magnetic resonance (MR) methodology is the capabilities for noninvasively studying both physiology and pathology in vivo. Numerous MR imaging (MRI) approaches have been developed with various imaging contrasts, which can be tightly relevant to organ functions and diseases.Recent MRI technology developments have resulted in several important functional MRI (fMRI) methods based on the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast [1][2][3][4][5] and/or cerebral blood flow (CBF). The CBF-based fMRI relies on the spin-tagging techniques [6][7][8]. These fMRI methods are becoming most important neuroimaging modalities for mapping brain activation and studying brain cognitive functions. In general, BOLD-based fMRI has better sensitivity for mapping brain activation. In contrast, CBF-based fMRI is less sensitive but more specific for mapping perfusion and its changes induced by brain stimulation. In some brain mapping applications, both BOLD-and CBF-based fMRI maps can be obtained in the same measurements [9]. There are two new exciting and promising MRI applications for brain research: 1) the resting-state functional connectivity mapping based on low frequency (<0.1 Hz) BOLD signal fluctuation [10], and 2) brain fiber tracking based on the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) [11]. These new developed and improved MRI methods are playing an essential role for investigating and understanding basic brain structure, functions and mental disorders. In contrast with MRI approaches, in vivo MR spectroscopy (MRS) is capable of determining metabolite concentrations, metabolic rates and neurochemistry in living organs. These capabilities can be further enhanced at high magnetic fields (t 3 Tesla) due to significant gain in MR sensitivity and improvement in spectral resolution [12-14]. There are a variety of in vivo MRS approaches including in vivo 1 H, 31 P, 13 C and 17 O MRS. These MRS approaches are capable for measuring several important cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen utilization (CMRO 2 ), glucose consumption (CMR glc ) and ATP synthesis and utilization (CMR ATP ). These metabolic rates are tightly coupled to brain activity and brain pathology. Specifically, in vivo 1 H MRS is useful to measure brain glucose concentration and its change, ultimately, to determine CMR glc [15]. This method had been used to determine the CMR glc increase in the human visual cortex in response to visual stimulation [16]. The new developed in vivo 17 O MRS imaging approach at high/ultrahigh field adds another powerful neuroimaging modality for directly and noninvasively obtaining 3D CMRO 2 image within few minutes of inhalation of 17 O-labeled oxygen gas [17-21].Recently, this 17 O imaging approach has been successfully applied to mapping CMRO 2 changes in the cat brain during brain stimulation. Finally, the in vivo 31 P MRS approach combined with the magnetization transfer has been demonstrated to be extremely useful for directly measuring the ATP metabolism and their metabolic rates in both animal and human brai...

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High Magnetic Fields for Imaging Cerebral Morphology, Function, and Biochemistry

Cited by 11 publications

References 177 publications

Advanced In Vivo Heteronuclear MRS Approaches for Studying Brain Bioenergetics Driven by Mitochondria

Advanced In Vivo Heteronuclear MRS Approaches for Studying Brain Bioenergetics Driven by Mitochondria

Multiband multislice GE‐EPI at 7 tesla, with 16‐fold acceleration using partial parallel imaging with application to high spatial and temporal whole‐brain fMRI

Advanced Neuroimaging Approaches of Magnetic Resonance for Brain Function Research

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