“…As DP steels show a good combination of strength, ductility, formability, weldability, and low price, they are extensively used in body structure of automobiles. [5,6] Several attempts to improve microstructure and mechanical properties of DP steels have been done in the recent years, and among them addition of alloying elements [7][8][9][10][11][12] was found to be an effective way. For instance, increasing the amounts of carbon, [9] manganese, [10] silicon, [11] and niobium [12] contents individually was reported to exhibit positive effects on the enhancement of mechanical properties of DP steels.…”