High Mass Loading 3D‐Printed Sodium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors

Abstract

Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) have been regarded as one of the promising energy devices thanks to its low cost and compromise between energy density and power density, yet remain a challenge towards practical levels of mass loading (>10 mg cm −2 ). Herein, the fabrication of a 1D core-shell structure is reported with N-doped porous carbon encapsulating ZnV 2 O 4 nanofibers (ZnV 2 O 4 NFs@N-PC), which features an open framework and favorable properties for facilitating ion diffusion, mass transportation, and electron transfer, enabling it to perform impressively for sodium ions storage. A 3D printed SIHC is conceptually proposed by coupling the 3D printed ZnV 2 O 4 NFs@N-PC anode with a 3D printed active carbon cathode, which can deliver a high energy/power density of 145.07 Wh kg −1 /3677.1 W kg −1 with a durable cycling lifespan. It is demonstrated that the 3D printed SIHC, even at a high mass loading of up to 16.25 mg cm −2 , can release a high areal energy/power density of 1.67 mWh cm −2 /38.96 mW cm −2 , outperforming most of the SIHCs developed so far. The present work sheds light on the role of the design of electrode materials and verifies the promise of 3D-printed technology for next-generation electrochemical energy devices.

Dual-Carbon Engineering of Nanosized (Ni0.28Co0.72)1–xS for Li+ Storage with Enhanced Rate Capability and Stability

“…After generating k 1 and k 2 using eq , k 2 v could be obtained, which ranges from 33.3% (at 0.1 mV s –1 ) to 89.8% (at 2 mV s –1 ), as shown in Figure h; the high pseudocapacitive Li + storage dominance of (Ni 0.28 Co 0.72 ) 1– x S/SC/0.7SG would guarantee not only the rapid kinetics but also the high rate capability and superior cycling stability . Furthermore, the mechanism for Li + storage is then investigated through ex situ XRD measurements.…”

“…After generating k 1 and k 2 using eq 7, k 2 v could be obtained, which ranges from 33.3% (at 0.1 mV s −1 ) to 89.8% (at 2 mV s −1 ), as shown in Figure 4h; the high pseudocapacitive Li + storage dominance of (Ni 0.28 Co 0.72 ) 1−x S/SC/0.7SG would guarantee not only the rapid kinetics but also the high rate capability and superior cycling stability. 49 Furthermore, the mechanism for Li + storage is then investigated through ex situ XRD measurements. Figure 4i shows the XRD patterns of the (Ni 0.28 Co 0.72 ) 1−x S/SC/0.7SG electrode obtained at various charge−discharge states in the first cycle; when discharged to 0.01 V, the diffraction peaks of (Ni 0.28 Co 0.72 ) 1−x S vanish, and the diffraction peaks of Li 2 S emerge; however, after recharging to 3 V, the peaks of (Ni 0.28 Co 0.72 ) 1−x S are absent, which might be attributed to the poor crystallinity of the electrochemically regenerated (Ni 0.28 Co 0.72 ) 1−x S, and this phenomenon can also be observed in CoSe 2 -based electrodes.…”

3D Printed Supercapacitor: Techniques, Materials, Designs, and Applications

“…Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a kind of promising electrode materials made of metal-containing nodes and organic linkers, which possess the advantages of high porosity, controllable pore size, and structural diversity. [116] Zn-MOF was synthesized on V 2 O 5 nanofibers by Wen et al, [117] followed by calcinating and converted to ZnV 2 O 4 nanofibers core coated with N-doped carbon (ZnV 2 O 4 NFs@N-PC). 3D-printed sodium-ion hybrid capacitors by coupling ZnV 2 O 4 NFs@N-PC anode presented a remarkable power density of 38.96 mW cm −2 even at a high mass loading (16.25 mg cm −2 ).…”

Hexaindium Heptasulfide/Nitrogen and Sulfur Co‐Doped Carbon Hollow Microspindles with Ultrahigh‐Rate Sodium Storage through Stable Conversion and Alloying Reactions

“…[6,7] Even though tremendous progress has been made in both battery-type anodes and capacitive cathodes recently, the scientific research regarding SICs is still in its early stage. [8][9][10][11][12] It is still a great challenge to explore highrate anode materials with low Na + insertion potential to bridge the kinetics gap between such anodes and capacitive cathodes, as well as broaden the potential window of SICs simultaneously.Recently, diverse Group IIIA-VA metal sulfides (GMSs), such as Ga 2 S 3 , [13] In 2 S 3 , [14] GeS 2 , [15] SnS, [16,17] Sb 2 S 3 , [18] and Bi 2 S 3 , [19] have received an increasing attention because of their unique Na-storage mechanism through a combined conversion and alloying/de-alloying reactions. Such combined reaction mechanisms enable GMSs to deliver higher theoretical capacity than that of corresponding Group IIIA-VA metals operating through single alloying/de-alloying mechanism, as well as most transitional metal sulfides (TMSs) operating only through the conversion reaction.…”

“…[6,7] Even though tremendous progress has been made in both battery-type anodes and capacitive cathodes recently, the scientific research regarding SICs is still in its early stage. [8][9][10][11][12] It is still a great challenge to explore highrate anode materials with low Na + insertion potential to bridge the kinetics gap between such anodes and capacitive cathodes, as well as broaden the potential window of SICs simultaneously.…”