High Nasal Carriage Rate of Staphylococcus aureus Containing Panton-Valentine leukocidin- and EDIN-Encoding Genes in Community and Hospital Settings in Burkina Faso

Abstract

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the rate of S.aureus nasal carriage and molecular characteristics in hospital and community settings in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Nasal samples (n = 219) were collected from 116 healthy volunteers and 103 hospitalized patients in July and August 2014. Samples were first screened using CHROMagar Staph aureus chromogenic agar plates, and S. aureus strains were identified by mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method on Müller-Hinton agar. All S. aureus isolates were genotyped using DNA microarray. Overall, the rate of S. aureus nasal carriage was 32.9% (72/219) with 29% in healthy volunteers and 37% in hospital patients. Among the S. aureus isolates, only four methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were identified and all in hospital patients (3.9%). The 72 S. aureus isolates from nasal samples belonged to 16 different clonal complexes, particularly to CC 152-MSSA (22 clones) and CC1-MSSA (nine clones). Two clones were significantly associated with community settings: CC1-MSSA and CC45-MSSA. The MRSA strains belonged to the ST88-MRSA-IV or the CC8-MRSA-V complex. A very high prevalence of toxinogenic strains 52.2% (36/69), containing Panton-Valentine leucocidin- and EDIN-encoding genes, was identified among the S. aureus isolates in community and hospital settings. This study provides the first characterization of S. aureus clones and their genetic characteristics in Burkina Faso. Altogether, it highlights the low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, high diversity of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus clones and high frequency of toxinogenic S. aureus strains.

Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus argenteus Isolates Harboring Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, Enterotoxins, and TSST-1 Genes from Food Handlers in Myanmar

“…Slightly higher pvl -positive rates were shown among medical students in Saudi Arabia (6.3%) [ 33 ], healthy children in Greece (8.2%) [ 15 ], healthy individuals and patients in Indonesia (10.6%) [ 34 ], and healthcare workers in Madagascar (11.7%) [ 18 ]. In contrast, from tropical countries in the African continent (Burkina Faso, Congo, Gabon, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal), high detection rates (24–53%) of pvl were evidenced for S. aureus from nasal carriage [ 17 , 19 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Similarly, high pvl -positive rates were observed in local communities in south India, Ukraine, and Iowa state in the US [ 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

“…To date, the prevalence of toxin genes among colonizing S. aureus in healthy individuals has been reported in many studies, revealing a generally high rate of SE genes, and a low prevalence of PVL gene ( pvl , lukS-PV-lukF-PV ) and TSST-1 gene ( tst-1 ) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. In contrast, high rates of pvl (>10%) in colonizing S. aureus were shown by recent studies in African countries [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. However, in Southeast Asia, little information is available on the prevalence of toxin genes in isolates from asymptomatic carriers.…”

Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Workers in the Food Industry

“…For Australia a nasal colonization rate around 30% has been reported (Vlack et al, 2006;Munckhof et al, 2008). Recent reports from Africa also showed variable colonization rates ranging from around 10% to 30% (Adesida et al, 2007;Ben Slama et al, 2011;Ateba Ngoa et al, 2012;Omuse et al, 2012;Ouedraogo et al, 2016). In South America rather high carriage rates between 30% and 60% were reported (Hamdan-Partida et al, 2010;Ruimy et al, 2010).…”

Advocacy for Increased International Efforts for Antimicrobial Stewardship Actions in Low-and Middle-Income Countries on Behalf of Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antimicrobials (APUA), Under the Auspices of the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC)

“…Sadly, the current status of the diagnostic microbiology laboratory in LMIC would very rarely allow such support for AMS programs (25). Although point-prevalence surveys have demonstrated MDR bacteria have emerged in many LMIC (26)(27)(28), with striking heterogeneity, in humans as well as in animals (29), such data remain scarce: Many colleagues in LMIC work in an environment where they have no, or limited information about the prevalence of resistance to the antibiotics they use in common situations. Even in countries where surveillance is in place, updated, communication to prescribers is sub-optimal.…”